职称英语等级考试（综合类）word版考试专用.doc

2016年职称英语等级考试（综合类）- word版考试专用涂红颜色部分为2016年教材新增文章（与2015年综合教材对比）涂绿颜色部分为2015年教材新增文章（与2014年综合教材对比）目录说明：本书目录中未加符号标的文章难度相当于C级考试水平，供报考C级考试的学员阅读；标有“*”的文章相当于B级考试水平；标有“+”的文章，相当于A级考试水平。我们希望，报考B级的学员同时阅读未加标注的文章，报考A级的学员同时阅读标有“*”的文章。第一部分 词汇选项 词汇学习1-10第二部分 阅读判断 *第五篇 Plants and Mankind *第六篇 Brands *第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England *第八篇 Easy Learning *第九篇 WhatIs a Dream?*第十篇 The Workers Role in Management 第三部分 概括大意与完成句子*第六篇 How We Form First Impression *第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss *第八篇 Screen Test *第九篇 Transport and Trade *第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 第四部分 阅读理解 *第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 *第十八篇 Goal of American Education美国教育的目标 *第十九篇 The Family家庭 *第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past讲述可怕的过去 *第二十一篇 Spacing in Animals动物的空间距离 *第二十二篇 Some Things We Know about Language我们知道的关于语言的一些事情 *第二十三篇 The Only Way Is Up只好向上 *第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur（2015年新增）*第二十五篇 Income收入 *第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久以前的世界 *第二十七篇 Importance of Services服务业的重要性 *第二十八篇 The National Park Service国家公园的服务机构 *第二十九篇 Ill Be Bach我是巴赫 *第三十篇 Lucky Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead“幸运的”鲁肯伯爵一是死是活 *第三十一篇 Pool Watch泳池监护 *第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation柴罗基部落 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty老妇人 第五部分 补全短文 *第六篇 Mobile Phones*第七篇The Apgar Test（2016年新增）*第八篇Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job（2016年新增）*第九篇 Style, Not Fashion（2015年新增）*第十篇 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change 第六部分 完形填空 *6第六篇 Teaching and Learning*7.第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer*8.第八篇 Look on The Bright Side*9.第九篇 The First Bicycle *10.第十篇 Working Mothers 第二部分 阅读判断第八篇 Easy Learning Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but theyve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds. Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies whod heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all. Cheour doesnt know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies dont “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.翻译：轻松学习Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but theyve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. 学生应该嫉妒。婴儿们不只打他们的天了，但他们也在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. 当婴儿一岁，他们可以识别出很多声音，甚至简单的单词。位于芬兰的图尔库大学的玛丽Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是在睡觉的时候，以及他们醒着的时候他们学习语言。To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds. 为了检验这一理论，Cheour和她的同事们在他们生命的最初几天，研究了45新生儿。他们让所有的婴儿在一个小时的芬兰元音-一个听起来像“oo”，另一个类似“ee”和三分之一的边界音芬兰语和类似语言特有的听起来像1。在此之前和之后的显示新生儿不能辨别声音的婴儿大脑的eeg2录音。Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 十五的婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而其余的被分成两个睡眠研究基群。一个组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候同三个元音的录音，而其他人也听，更容易区分的元音。4When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies whod heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all. 在上午的测试时，又在晚上，谁会整夜听到棘手的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他们现在能够识别这个新声音。他们可以识别甚至当这个音的音调变化，而其他的婴儿不可能在所有的边界元音挑。Cheour doesnt know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies dont “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders. Cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的，但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一样，婴儿没有“关闭”，他们的大脑皮层在他们睡觉的时候。技能可能消失在生命的第一年的课程，她补充道，所以忘了的想法，你可以拿起棘手的法语元音只是把一盘语言录音带放在你的枕头下一个成人。但这并不能帮助成年人，Cheour希望利用睡眠时间的孩子的基因在语言障碍的风险给予补救。第九篇What Is a Dream？For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this： If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.翻译：梦想是什么？ 几个世纪以来，人们对他们的梦想的奇怪的事情。一些心理学家认为，这种夜间活动的想法没有特殊意义。其他人，然而，认为梦是我们生活的重要组成部分。事实上，许多专家认为，梦可以告诉我们一个人的思想和感情。Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. 近代以前，很多人认为梦包含来自上帝的信息。只有在第二十世纪，人们开始研究的一种科学方法的梦想。The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 奥地利心理学家弗洛依德，西格蒙德，可能是科学研究的第一人的梦想。在他最著名的书，梦的解析（1900），佛洛伊德认为梦是愿望的表达。他认为，梦表达人们的情感，思想，和恐惧，他们害怕在现实生活中的表达。The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. 瑞士心理学家卡尔jung2也曾经是一名佛洛伊德。荣，然而，有梦想，有不同的观点。荣格认为，梦的目的是传达一个讯息的梦想家。他认为，人们可以通过他们的梦想更多了解自己学习。例如，人梦想下降可以了解到他们有过高的自己的意见。另一方面，那些梦想成为英雄可以学习，他们认为自己太小。Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.现代心理学家继续发展有关梦的理论。例如，心理学家威廉Domhoff来自加利福尼亚大学，圣克鲁斯，认为梦是紧密相连的一个人的日常生活，思想，行为。犯罪，例如，可能梦想的犯罪。Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. 多姆霍夫认为，有梦想和年龄之间的连接。他的研究表明，儿童不是梦像成年人一样。根据多姆霍夫，做梦是一种心理技巧，需要时间来发展。He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones. 他还发现，梦和性别之间的联系。他的研究表明，男性和女性的梦想是不同的。例如，在男人的梦想的人往往是其他人，而梦想往往涉及战斗。这不是女人的梦想成真。3多姆霍夫发现这种性别差异在人们的梦想从11世界各地的文化，包括现代和传统的。Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this： If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 梦可以帮助我们了解自己吗？心理学家继续尝试用不同的方法回答这个问题。然而，有一件事他们同意这种说法：如果你梦见什么可怕的事情将要发生，你不应该恐慌。梦想可能是有意义的，但这并不意味着一些可怕的事情会发生。记得梦的世界不是真实的世界是很重要的。第十篇The Workers Role in ManagementTraditionally, it has been the workers role to work and managements role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firms operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees.At most, companies have provided “suggestion boxes” in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of laborthey have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then play a stronger role in management? Workers should have a role in management. At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.)Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days-notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating. It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firms board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive they must be given a share in the companys profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves. 译文：工人在企业管理中的角色传统上，工人的角色是生产，管理者的角色是管理。管理者计划和指导公司的运作，而很少 想到去征求劳动者的意见。管理者们很少觉得应听取工人的意见或向他们的雇员解释公司的决定。 公司最多提供些“意见箱”，工人们至多将改善生产流程的意见投入意见箱。然而，近几年来， 许多管理专家一直在争论工人们不仅仅出卖劳动力，而且对公司有很大的利害关系，或许还能对 公司的管理作出重大贡献。此外，公司的重大决定往往对工人及其家属影晌极：。如果工厂倒闭， 这一点就更加确定无疑了，它可能会把成百上千的人推到失业的边缘。那么，工人们应该在企业 管理中发挥举足轻重的作用吗？工人们应该在管理中扮演自己的角色。至少，劳动者应该被告知公司的政策决定（普通工人 最普遍的抱怨就是对公司的政策和行动缺少了解）。在1980年和1985年之间，有500万工人在没 有被事先告知的情况下，成了工厂倒闭和永久性停工的牺牲品。在这种情况下，应至少提前90天 通知工人们，这样工人们才能有时间调整。管理者在关闭工厂之前，应该征求工人们的意见，因 为工人们也许会提出一些建来提高生产率，降低成本，或许他们还愿意为了帮助工厂运转而做 出让步。工人参与制订管理决策应得到普遍实施。公司的董事会里或其他重大决策制订组里也应该有 工人代表。如果普通工人对流水线生产的计划和管理有发言权的话，他们会帮助改善状况，而且 他们的士气也会增加，生产效率也会提髙。作为进一步的刺激，公司应给他们一份利润分成。这 可以通过工人股票持有权方案、红利或者发效益奖得以实现。最后，当一个工厂不能再获利经营 的时候，工人们应该被赋予购买和经营本工厂的机会。第三部分 概括大意与完成句子第六篇 How We Form First lmpression1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.2The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a persons eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming signals are compared against2 a host of memories stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals mean .3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says familiar and safe. If you see someone new，it says，new-potentially，threatening. Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other known memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I dont like this person. Or else，Im intrigued . Or yourbrain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says: I like this person . But these preliminary impressions can be dead wrong44 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the persons character，we use a different，mo