livestockservicesanddemandleddevelopment家畜服务及.ppt

Livestock Services and Demand Led Development 家畜服务及需求为导向的发展 Claire Heffernan, DVM,PhD,MRCVS Livestock Development Group University of Reading Participation and Demand 参与式同需求式 nParticipatory Paradigm: Late 1980s 参与式的范例: 80年代末 nTyranny and Bias in Participation: Early 2000s 在参与式中存在的固执和偏见: 21世纪早期 nThe Poor as Clients/Consumers: 2006 以穷人为客户对象或消费者: 2006 Development Research 关于发展的研究 the academic orientation of local research and the prevalence of northern paradigms rather than being orientated towards concrete issues and problems confronting the South. 学术发展研究偏重于本地性，以及寻求盛行的发 达国家的范例模式，而不是着眼于发展中国家面 临的具体问题。 (Engelhard, 2001) The Drivers of Demand-led Research Development 需求导向型研究的推动力 Driven by: End-Users i.e. Policy- makers/ Practitioners Receptors: i.e. Livestock keepers Researchers/ Practitioners Outputs/ Benefits 驱使者: 最终用户（比 如：政策决策 者，从业者） 接受者（比如 ：禽畜饲养人 ） 研究者/参与者结果/ 收益 Perceptions of Demand: The Researchers 研究人员对需求的理解 n190 Stakeholders in Animal Health Research 190个动物健康研究领域相关者参与 nPerceptions of Demand 对需求的理解 nOpen-Ended Questions Regarding Priority Livestock Diseases 关于畜禽疾病重要性之一持续变化着的问题 Perceptions of Demand: The Researchers 研究人员对需求的理解 Driven/Requested by End-User 由最终用户所驱动/要求 30% End-User Consulted 以最终用户为咨询者 29% Responds to End-User Needs, Problems 响应最终用户的需要及问题 41% Notions of Demand nDemanded by whom? Identification of needs by the people is important, but must be treated with caution. ndemand-led research is directed to where the money is. This is the sad reality. nThe current fashion is that you have to go to the beneficiaries and find out what they wantthis is only useful in understanding the context. n谁的需求？辨别什么是重要人群的需要， 但必须要谨慎处置。 n以需求为导向的研究 是由金钱为导向的. 这是一个不幸的事实。 n现在流行的趋势是你必须到受益者哪里去 ，找到他们需要什么这仅仅对与理解上下 文用益处。 关于需求式的理解 1st Order Priority Livestock Diseases 优先级最高的家畜疾病 (n=139) FMD Responses Disaggregated by Region 口蹄疫反馈地区分布表 Region 地区Responses 反馈馈 South/Central America 南美洲及中美洲 24 North America 北美洲21 Europe 欧洲7 Africa 非洲3 Asia 亚洲1 Total 总计56 Community-Animal Healthcare Programs: The Literature 社区动物卫生保健项目: 文献 (n=106) Primary Author 主要作者 Positive 正面 Negative 负面 Total 总计 Northern Authors 发达国家 (n=59) 54559 Southern Authors 发展中国家 (n=47) 361147 Total 总计9016106 Institutional Affiliation of Primary Author 主要作者的所在机构 (n=106) Northern affiliation 发达国家机构 Positive 正面 Negative 负面 Total 总计 Northern-funded projects 发达国家基金项目 30131 NGOs22124 Consultants 顾问718 Universities 大学9412 Professional Association 专家协会101 Donor 赞助12012 Sub-Total 小计 81788 Southern affiliation 发展中国家机构 University 大学123 Government 政府628 Professional Association 专家协会134 NGO 101 Vet Practitioner 兽医从业人员022 Sub-Total小计 9918 Farmers Priorities 农户的优先级 n5,272 Households in Kenya, India and Bolivia. 5,272户农户于肯尼亚，印度及玻利维亚。 n29% of Farmers Prioritised FMD. 29%的农户选择口蹄疫为第一优先级。 n41% of Bolivian farmers, did not own a species that could be infected. 41%的玻利维亚农户没有拥有会感染这一疾病的 物种。 Farmer Behaviour 农户的行为 n48% Percent Viewed Vaccination as a Means of Disease Prevention. 48% 的农户认为免疫是预防疾病的一项措施。 nOf these, only 31% participated in any vaccination campaigns within the last five years. 这些人中，只有31%在过去五年中参与过免疫活 动。 Reasons for Not Vaccinating 不进行免疫的原因 n45% Viewed Vaccination as Unnecessary 45%认为免疫是不必要的 n19% High Cost 19%觉得太贵 n25% Purchased Animals Already Vaccinated 25%购买的家畜已经得到免疫 n10% Lacked Access 10%缺乏得到免疫的手段 Key Parameters for the Uptake of Livestock Service Delivery 承受所传递的家畜服务所需的重要参数 nAccess Physical Distance 接近物理距离 nAffordability Ability to Pay 可获取度支付的能力 nAcceptability Social or Other Factors Important to Uptake 可接受性社会因素及其他重要的有关承受服务的因素 (Heffernan and Misturelli, 2000) Conclusions 结论 nGreater Underst