[高考]从句语法详讲主语从句、表语从句、状语从句、定语从句、同位语从句.doc

高中英语语法 详细讲解主语从句（3-5） 、同位语从句（5-9）、表语从句（9-12）、定语从句（12-22）、非限制性定语从句（22-24）、状语从句（24-37）一、名词性从句百科名片在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句高考热点透视1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995) A. There B. This C. That D. It 答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do（NMET2001） Ahow Bafter Cwhat Dwhen 答案C。从句子结构可知，句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词，做主句谓语动词do的宾语，同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语，因此，此处的连接词应该用what。 3. He asked _ for a violin（MET1992） A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 答案：D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。 4. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海2001年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why 答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知，所怀疑的应是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。” 5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句，而从句中wants缺少宾语，A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的；排除A和D，whichever表示“无论哪一个，无论哪些”，应表示一定范围内的人或物，此处没有涉及事物的范围，所以应选 Bwhatever，表示“无论什么”。 6. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988) A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who 答案C。本题句子的意思是：无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于any person who或The person who, 意为“一切的人”。而anyone和the person均非连词，不能引导从句，况who leaves the room last意为“某个最后离开房间的人”，与题意不符，如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person，都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。 7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. (Shanghai1995) A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 答案为C。本题句子的意思是：Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever也不行。 8. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999) A. why B. what C. when D. where 答案A。根据语境，甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因，故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境，下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗？” 9. I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993) A. when B. how C. where D. what 答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语，排除Dwhat，而答案C, D均与题意不符，所以应选Awhen。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态，本句的意思是“我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。” 10I read about it in some book or other，does it matter _ it was？（2001春季招生） Awhere Bwhat Chow Dwhich 答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析，应是哪本书，所以要填which，这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容，是哪一本书重要吗？”。 11. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海) 答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后，用来解释或说明名词的内容。 12. I think it is going to be a big problem. Yes, it could be. I wonder _ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季) A、if B、how C、what D、that 答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句，而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词，可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分，我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that，再排除引导方式状语的how，答案是C，句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。 名词性从句专项考点练习1. _that they found an unusual plant in the forest. A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says 答案A：句型It is said that+主语从句。类似的还有It is believed thatetc 2. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 答案A：观察此从句中缺少主语，而能在主语从句中即充当主语成分又引导的就只有what了 3. It worried Mary a lot _ she would pass the college entrance examination. A. whether B. if C. that D. how 4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isnt like _ it used to be . A .what B. how C. that D. which 5. _ is no possibility _ Bob will win the first prize in the match. A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether 6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before. A .that B. how C .what D. where 7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _ up to be during the past few years. A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown 8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _. A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along 9. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well. A. That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what 10. These wild flowers are so special I would do _ I can to save them. A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever 11. _ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person 12. Eat _ you like and leave the others for _ comes in late. A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever 13. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that 14. It was _ he said _ disappointed me. A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That;what 15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _to the front. A. should send B. must be sent C. should be sent D. must go 16. The true value of life is not in _, but _. A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give 17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off 18. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there 19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 20. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited Keys: 1-5 A A A A A 6-10 C D A B A 11-15 C C A A C 16-20 B A A C B主语从句百科名片主语从句(Subject Clause)定义在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句. 第一部分常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。 （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. （7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time. （9）What we need are good doctors. 小结: （1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)连词位于句首不能省略 （3)主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数,但也有例外,如例（9） 第二部分为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 （1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. （8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) （13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结: （1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句. （2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11. 主语从句的用法主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。 一主语从句 主语从句 定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 二：宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征： 1、引导词：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere 2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。 如：I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。 (1)表达时间的几个句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave? 由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时： What time does the train leave? (2)时间的表达方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes) (3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重： You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点 I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序：限-描-大-形-年-颜-籍-物-类+名词： this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句。同位语从句百科名片在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。基本信息在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。 同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。 详细信息一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 1. 名词作同位语Mr Wang, my childs teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。 2.短语作同位语I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。 3. 直接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？” 4. 句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。 同位语从句用法同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较固定 一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。 I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。 Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 同位语从句-引导词同位语从句的引导词，引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。 1. 连词that引导同位语从句（注：引导同位语从句的that不能省略） The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语） 【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。 【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。 He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。 2. 连词whether引导同位语从句（注：if不能引导同位语从句） The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。 【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。 其它引导词引导的同位语从句连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which引导同位语从句 1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语） 2).I have no idea which wine is bestits a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语） 3).The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语） 4. 连接副词引导同位语从句连接副词when, where, how, why We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 同位语从句-相关语法一、同位语从句在句中的位置1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。 Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。 2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。 The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。 二、同位语从句前名词的数同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？ 三、同位语从句的语气在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。 Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。 四、同位语从句的先行词同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。 How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didnt feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的? 代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语，同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。 I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸亏你，我现在还活着。 有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为，这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语，因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。 You must se to it that the children dont catch cold.(=You must see to it, and It is that the children dont catch cold.)你要当心，别让孩子们着凉了。 同位语从句-语法区别与定语从句的的语法区别： 1意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来： We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句) We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句) 2. 引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。 3. 引导词的功能上的不同that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。 4. 被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定： I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句) Ill never forget the days when I lived there. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句） 同位语从句-特殊形式1.间隔同位语从句 同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。 A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday 简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句 2.suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。 She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。 简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。 3.短语及固定句式后的同位语从句 I will come on condition that John is invited.如果约翰也被邀请的话，我就来。 简析：短语On condition, on supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the assumption及句式There BE+no doubt(hope,chance,possibility,)后的that从句为同位语从句。 同位语从句-雅思例句1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain. 2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal. 3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse. 4 Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunityto have a deeper understanding of their own countrys tradition and cultures.表语从句百科名片表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。定义表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 AThe problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑 主语,连系动词,形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪. 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句 B连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. 她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁与我明天将前往北京。 Why he cried yesterday. 昨天他为什么哭。 How I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。 Whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敌人正向我们行进. 注意A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question