大学英语写作.ppt

英语作文,writing 1,writing 2,writing 3,writing 4,writing 5,writing 6,writing 7,writing 8,writing 9,writing 10,paragraph writing,for details,reason,details,statement,general statement: a general statement is presented at the beginning of the paragraph.,reason: the reason for the viewpoint is presented.,specific details: next come the details to illustrate the general point of view.,for example,example: the us is definitely a telephone country. (general statement),for more,almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say “thank you”, to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. (specific details),for more,telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. this is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient. (reason),写作实践 directions: have a look at the outline and the sample paragraph that has been written in the same text structure as you have analyzed.,general statement: computers will play an increasingly important role in our daily life.,specific details: learn about news worldwide evaluate and treat sickness show routes, take money from our bank accounts take care of regular duties in the home,reason: computers work efficiently.,sample composition computers will play an increasingly important role in our daily life. (general statement) with computers linked to the internet, we can stay indoors and learn about news worldwide. (detail 1) doctors will use computers to evaluate and treat sickness. (detail 2) computers in cars will show our routes, take money from our bank accounts, identify motor problems,figure out repair costs and locate repair shops. (detail 3) home computers will take care of regular duties in the home, help with homework, and order food. (detail 4) this is because computers can work more efficiently. (reason),writing assignment directions: write a paragraph with a general statement supported by specific details and reasons on one of the following topics. one topic has been given a detailed outline that you can follow.,general statement: environmental protection has become a major concern for society. specific details: teachers and students discuss environmental protection city planners take environmental problems into consideration factories reduce pollution reason: air and water pollution affects everyone cities to survive businesses to make a profit,more topics: computers are of great use to our daily life. english is becoming more important.,参考范文 a larger and larger part of society is expressing its concern about environmental protection. active in their concern, teachers and students hold specific meetings to discuss environmental protection. also, city planners take environmental problems into serious consideration. and, though reducing,pollution can be expensive, factories often take every possible measure to do their part. many people are concerned and active because air and water pollution affects everyone and makes it difficult for cities to survive and businesses to make a profit.,paragraph writing,for details,topic sentence: general statement,developing sentences: detailed information,topic sentence: the paragraph begins with a general statement about what is talked about below.,developing sentences: the general statement is followed by some detailed information to support the main idea.,for example,example: still, he never babied me. (general statement),for more,one february day i had a massive headache and felt quite fatigued. i came upon him in a clearing, and after approximately 15 minutes of striding into the cold breeze over the white powder to catch him, i fussed, “oh, nikolai, i feel like i am going to die.”,for more,“when you are a hundred years old, everybody dies,” he said, indifferent to my pain. “but now,” he continued firmly. “now must be ski, ski, ski.” (detail).,写作实践 directions: have a look at the outline and the sample paragraph below which starts with a general statement followed by details.,general statement: online learning is by no means easy.,details: more time and effort sit at computers for hours to complete their assignments work while others have fun commit 4 to 15 hours a week to each course have to work hard to meet the standards,sample composition it is wrong to think that online learning would make learning easier for everyone, though we can learn at any time and at any place. (general statement) in fact, many students spend much more time and effort learning online. (detail 1) many online students sit at computers for hours at a time during evenings and on weekends in order to keep up with the flow of the course. (detail 2),when other people are finished with their work and studies and are having fun, youll most likely find online students doing their course work. (detail 3) online students need to commit 4 to 15 hours a week to each course (detail 4) and they have to work hard to meet the standards set by the course and to complete assignments on time. (detail 5),writing assignment directions: write a paragraph which starts with a general statement followed by supporting details on one of the following topics.,topic: the pleasure of reading general statement: reading, unlike other activities, brings unique pleasures to the readers. details: easy access to the wisdom of the ages and delighting stories pleasure of the mind enhancing the understanding of the world, the people and oneself,more topics: people read for different reasons. computers work wonders.,参考范文 reading, unlike other activities, brings people unique pleasures. (general statement) firstly, all the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. the most unfortunate people in the world are those who have never discovered how satisfying it is to read good books. (detail 1),secondly, reading is pleasure of mind. reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. your own imagination works along with the writers and your ideas develop, as you understand the writers. (detail 2) thirdly, wherever you start reading, you connect yourself with one of the families of ideas, and in the long run, you not only find out about the world and the people in it, but find out about yourself as well. (detail 3),paragraph writing,for details,stating one idea: the paragraph begins with the statement of one viewpoint.,presenting a new idea: what follows is a new idea presented by the writer.,correcting or rejecting the idea: then the writer corrects or rejects the aforementioned idea.,giving an example: finally, the writer supplies an example to support his or her new idea.,example: “to start with i must admit that at first i harbored reservations about a mixed marriage, prejudices you might even call them. (stating one idea) but when i met mark i found him a charming and intelligent young guy. any mother would be proud to have him for a son-in-law. so, color,has nothing to do with it. (correcting the idea) yes, my friends talk. some even express shock at what you are doing. (stating another idea) but they live in a different world. so you see, marks color is not the problem. (rejecting the idea) my biggest worry is that you may be marrying mark for the same wrong reasons that i married your father. (presenting a new idea),for more,when we met i saw him as my beloved, intelligent, charming, and caring. it was all so new, all so exciting, and we both thought, on the surface at least, that ours was an ideal marriage with every indication that it would last forever. i realized only later that i didnt know my beloved, your father, very well when we married.” (giving an example to support the idea),写作实践 directions: have a look at the outline and the sample paragraph below which starts with a correction of one idea and goes on to present another idea.,topic: online learning correction of one idea: some peoples idea: online learning is easy. online learning not as easy as some people think,another idea: only a convenient way of education, not an easier way facts to support my idea,sample composition some people think that online learning would make learning easier for everyone as we can learn at any time and at any place. (stating one idea) but when i started online learning i found it not as easy as others think. (correcting the idea) i would say that online learning is just a convenient,way to receive educationnot an easier way. (presenting a new idea) in fact, many students say it requires much more time and effort. requirements for online courses are not less than those of any quality program. (giving the facts to support the idea),writing assignment directions: write a paragraph which starts with a correction of one idea and goes on to present another idea on one of the following topics. one topic has been given a detailed outline that you can follow.,topic: failure not necessarily bad correction of one idea: common idea: failure hurts people. failure has a positive contribution to our life. another idea: failure can be beneficial to us.,more topics: success comes from hard work. money is not everything.,参考范文 many people place so much emphasis on success that they think any failure is bad. failure is never pleasant because it hurts people. but in fact it can make a positive contribution to our life once we learn how to make the best of it.,we can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one. and we can learn from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. even a total failure can give us fresh ideas or a change of direction. repeated failures lead to success and prove to be beneficial to us as we experiment every day to find out the right way of doing things.,paragraph writing,for details,reason 2,reason 1,topic,reason 3,topic: a general point of view is presented at the beginning of the paragraph.,reason 2: the second reason is provided to explain the general point of view.,reason 1: next comes the first reason to explain the viewpoint.,reason 3: if possible, more reasons are stated to illustrate the point.,for example,example: but when he asked her for a photo, she declined his request. (topic),for more,she explained her objection: “if your feelings for me have any reality, any honest basis, what i look like wont matter. (reason 1) suppose im beautiful. id always be bothered by the feeling that you loved me for my beauty, and that kind of love would disgust me. (reason 2),for more,suppose im plain. then id always fear you were writing to me only because you were lonely and had no one else. (reason 3) either way, i would forbid myself from loving you. when you come to new york and you see me, then you can make your decision. remember, both of us are free to stop or to go on after thatif thats what we choose .” (reason 4),写作实践 directions: look at the outline and the sample paragraph of a point of view supported by reasons.,point of view: foreign students with financial problems have to find jobs.,reason 1: work their way through school reason 2: no financial support from their families reason 3: unexpected expenses reason 4: take care of the expensive medical charge,sample composition foreign students with financial problems have to find jobs. (topic) without some income, it is very difficult to continue their studies and they have to work their way through their education. (reason 1) when abroad, there are many unexpected expenses that they have to pay. (reason 2),foreign students without medical insurance will find their situation even worse when they unfortunately fall ill. (reason 3) they have to take care of the expensive medical charge on their own. (reason 4),writing assignment directions: write a paragraph which starts with a point of view and followed by some reasons on one of the following topics. one topic has been given a detailed outline that you can follow.,point of view: parents have to save a large amount of money for their children to study abroad. reasons: pay for the international flight, food, shelter, entertainment, long-distance telephone calls, clothing, and unexpected expenses,more topics: gails father is strongly against gails marriage plan. some people do not like to spend their time in social gatherings.,参考范文 parents have to save a large amount of money for their children to study abroad. apart from the international flight, they have to pay for their daily expenses, such as food, shelter, entertainment, long-distance telephone calls, and clothing. in addition, the children should have some money ready to cover unexpected expenses.,paragraph writing,for details,effect,cause,general statement,general statement: the paragraph begins with a general statement about what is to be covered.,effect: the last part is about the effect thus caused.,cause: what follows is the specific statements of the possible causes.,for example,example: when i travel to third world countries i see many people like my father and daughter. (general statement) there are large advertisement signs directed at them both: the tough, confident or fashionable older man, the beautiful, “worldly” young woman, both dragging away. (cause),for more,in these poor countries, as in american inner cities and on reservations, money that should be spent for food goes instead to the tobacco companies; over time, people starve themselves of both food and air, effectively weakening and hooking their children, eventually killing themselves. (effect),写作实践 directions: have a look at the sample cause-and-effect paragraph based on the outline below.,topic: studying abroad is expensive. cause: large expense such as tuition fee, room, board other expenses like entertainment, telephone bills, clothing effect: parents working hard to save money parents borrowing money,sample composition it is very expensive for the chinese students to continue their study abroad. (general statement) most of them have to pay the large expenses, such as tuition fee, room and board, which would on average come up to about $20,000 for a year.,besides, they have to cover other expenses like entertainment, long-distance telephone calls, and clothing. (cause) as a result, it is not unusual for their parents to spend years saving that amount and some of them have to borrow money from their relatives. (effect),writing assignment directions: write a paragraph showing a cause-and-effect relation on one of the following topics. one topic has been given a detailed outline that you can follow.,topic: problems for mixed marriages cause: cultural differences prejudices and doubts cruel to children from mixed marriages effect: higher divorce rates,more topics: college graduates have difficulty finding jobs. im gaining / losing weight recently.,参考范文 there are many problems for mixed marriages. the number one reason is the cultural differences between the mixed couple, like those in customs and lifestyle. many people have prejudice against mixed marriages. they often feel shocked to see people of different races get married and have doubts about such,marriages. whats more, children from mixed marriages tend to be looked down upon or even badly treated by their peers. mixed marriages face many trials, and as a result, mixed couples have higher divorce rates than couples of the same race.,paragraph writing,for details,result,comparison,point of view,point of view: a general point of view is stated at the beginning of the paragraph,result: at last comes the conclusion related to the topic,comparison: next comes the specific illustration through comparison,for example,example: however, teacher prejudice isnt the only source of classroom difference. (point of view),for more,dr. thomas v. busse and louisa seraydarian of temple university found those girls with names such as linda, diane, barbara, carol, and cindy performed better on objectively graded iq and achievement tests than did girls with less appealing names. (comparison 1) (result),for more,(a companion study showed girls popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their namesalthough the connection was less clear for boys.) (comparison 2) (result),写作实践 directions: have a look at the following outline and the sample paragraph which presents a point of view followed by a comparison and a result.,point of view: speaking is imitation.,comparison: speaking native language: use the same grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation as people around speaking foreign language: imitate grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of native speakers,result: correct and natural way of speaking,sample composition speaking is imitation. (point of view) when you speak your native language, you dont make up your own grammar, vocabulary, or pronunciation. you use the same grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation as the people around you.,similarly, when trying to speak a foreign language, your goal is to imitate the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of native speakers. (comparison) in this way, you can speak in a correct and natural way, either your native language or a foreign language. (result),writing assignment directions: write a comparative paragraph on one of the following topics. one topic has been given a detailed outline that you can follow.,1. detailed outline: point of view: my hometown is very much like my college town. comparison: my hometown: small; located in rural area; surrounded by farmland my college town: small; lies in the center of farmland result: my college town makes me feel at home.,2. detailed outline: point of view: