MPLS体系结构.ppt

mpls architecture overview,jay kumarasamy ,adopted from stefano previdis presentation,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview day in the life of a packet,mpls concepts,mpls: multi protocol label switching mpls is a layer 2+ switching developed to integrate ip and atm mpls forwarding is done in the same way as in atm switches packet forwarding is done based on labels,mpls concepts,unlike ip, classification/label can be based on: destination unicast address traffic engineering vpn qos fec: forwarding equivalence class a fec can represent a: destination address prefix, vpn, traffic engineering tunnel, class of service.,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview summary,lsrs and labels,lsr: label switch router edge-lsr: lsrs that do label imposition and disposition atm-lsr: an atm switch with label switch controller,lsrs and labels,an ip routing protocol is used within the routing domain (e.g.:ospf, i-isis) a label distribution protocol is used to distribute address/label mappings between adjacent neighbors the ingress lsr receives ip packets, performs packet classification, assign a label, and forward the labelled packet into the mpls network core lsrs switch packets/cells based on the label value the egress lsr removes the label before forwarding the ip packet outside the mpls network,lsrs and labels,uses new ethertypes/ppp pids/snap values/etc more than one label is allowed - label stack mpls lsrs always forward packets based on the value of the label at the top of the stack,label = 20 bits exp = experimental, 3 bits s = bottom of stack, 1bit ttl = time to live, 8 bits,lsrs and labels,ppp header,layer 3 header,shim header,ppp header(packet over sonet/sdh),ethernet hdr,layer 3 header,shim header,ethernet,fr hdr,layer 3 header,shim header,frame relay,atm cell header,hec,data,clp,pti,vci,gfc,vpi,hec,data,clp,pti,vci,gfc,vpi,subsequent cells,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview day in the life of a packet,label assignment and distribution,labels have link-local significance each lsr binds his own label mappings each lsr assign labels to his fecs labels are assigned and exchanged between adjacent neighboring lsr applications may require non-adjacent neighbors,label assignment and distribution,rtr-c is the downstream neighbor of rtr-b for destination 171.68.10/24 rtr-b is the downstream neighbor of rtr-a for destination 171.68.10/24 lsrs know their downstream neighbors through the ip routing protocol next-hop address is the downstream neighbor,171.68.10/24,rtr-b,rtr-a,rtr-c,171.68.40/24,upstream and downstream lsrs,label assignment and distribution,lsrs distribute labels to the upstream neighbors,171.68.10/24,rtr-b,rtr-a,rtr-c,171.68.40/24,igp derived routes,unsolicited downstream distribution,label assignment and distribution,upstream lsrs request labels to downstream neighbors downstream lsrs distribute labels upon request,171.68.10/24,rtr-b,rtr-a,rtr-c,171.68.40/24,on-demand downstream distribution,label assignment and distribution,liberal retention mode lsr retains labels from all neighbors improve convergence time, when next-hop is again available after ip convergence require more memory and label space conservative retention mode lsr retains labels only from next-hops neighbors lsr discards all labels for fecs without next-hop free memory and label space,label retention modes,label assignment and distribution,label distribution modes,independent lsp control lsr binds a label to a fec independently, whether or not the lsr has received a label the next-hop for the fec the lsr then advertises the label to its neighbor ordered lsp control lsr only binds and advertise a label for a particular fec if: it is the egress lsr for that fec or it has already received a label binding from its next-hop,label assignment and distribution,several protocols for label exchange ldp maps unicast ip destinations into labels rsvp, cr-ldp used in traffic engineering bgp external labels (vpn) pim for multicast states label mapping,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview day in the life of a packet,label switch path (lsp),lsps are derived from igp routing information lsps may diverge from igp shortest path lsp tunnels (explicit routing) with te lsps are unidirectional return traffic takes another lsp,lsp follows igp shortest path,lsp diverges from igp shortest path,igp domain with a label distribution protocol,igp domain with a label distribution protocol,label switch path (lsp) penultimate hop popping,the label at the top of the stack is removed (popped) by the upstream neighbor of the egress lsr the egress lsr requests the “popping” through the label distribution protocol egress lsr advertises implicit-null label the egress lsr will not have to do a lookup and remove itself the label one lookup is saved in the egress lsr,label switch path (lsp) penultimate hop popping,0,1,summary route for 171.68/16,0,1,171.68.10/24,egress lsr summarises more specific routes and advertises a label for the new fec,summary route is propagate through the igp and label is assigned by each lsr,use label “implicit-null” for fec 171.68/16,summary route for 171.68/16,use label 4 for fec 171.68/16,171.68.44/24,egress lsr needs to do an ip lookup for finding more specific route egress lsr need not receive a labelled packet,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview summary,atm lsrs,atm switches forward cells, not packets label dist is downstream on-demand, ordered igp label is carried in the vpi/vci field merging lsr: ability to use the same label for different fecs if outgoing interface is the same save label space on atm-lsrs cell interleave problem non merging lsr: atm-lsr requests one label per fec and per incoming interface (upstream neighbors) downstream lsr may request itself new label to its downstream neighbors,atm lsrs non-merging downstream on demand,171.68,ip packet,ip packet,atm-lsr requested additional label for same fec in order to distinguish between incoming interfaces (downstream on demand),atm lsrs vc-merging downstream on demand,171.68,ip packet,ip packet,atm-lsr transmitted cells in sequence in order for the downstream lsr to re-assembling correctly the cells into packets,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview summary,loops and ttl,in ip networks ttl is used to prevent packets to travel indefinitely in the network mpls may use same mechanism as ip, but not on all encapsulations ttl is present in the label header for ppp and lan headers (shim headers) atm cell header does not have ttl,loops and ttl,lsrs using atm do not have ttl capability some suggested options: - hop-count object in ldp - path vector object in ldp,loops and ttl,ttl is decremented prior to enter the non-ttl capable lsp if ttl is 0 the packet is discarded at the ingress point ttl is examined at the lsp exit,igp domain with a label distribution protocol,lsr-1,lsr-2,lsr-4,lsr-5,lsr-3,lsr-6,egress,ip packet ttl = 6,ip packet ttl = 10,lsr-6 25 hops=4,agenda,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview day in the life of a packet,ldp concepts,label distribution protocol labels map to fecs for unicast destination prefix ldp works between adjacent/non-adjacent peers ldp sessions are established between peers,ldp messages,discovery messages used to discover and maintain the presence of new peers hello packets (udp) sent to all-routers multicast address once neighbor is discovered, the ldp session is established over tcp,ldp messages,session messages establish, maintain and terminate ldp sessions advertisement messages create, modify, delete label mappings notification messages error signalling,mpls concepts lsrs and labels label assignment and distribution label switch paths atm lsrs loops and ttl ldp overview day in the life of a packet,agenda,day in the life of a packet,0,summary route for 171.68/16,0,1,171.68.10/24,egress lsr summarises more specific routes and advertises a label for the new fec,summary route is propagate through the igp and label is assigned by each lsr,use label “imp