[英语考试]2008大学英语精读1第三版Unit9语法辅导.doc

大学英语精读1（第三版）Unit 9语法辅导天津城市建设学院 沈学甫Unit 9 Is There Life on Earth?1. (Line 1) For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land on a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科学家首次把一颗卫星成功地送上了地球，此后卫星便不断地发回信号和照片。1） 本句话的后一个分句的谓语部分has been sending back用的是现在完成进行时态。2） 现在完成进行时的谓语部分由“have/has + been + 过去分词”构成。其功能主要有以下几点：A. 现在完成进行时表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。例如：Ive been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.我已等了一个小时，但他还没有来。Jim has been seeing about a driving license for you.吉姆一直在想办法给你弄一张驾驶执照。B. 表示动作刚刚结束（有时指出结束）。例如：Ive just been waving good-bye to her.我刚刚和她说了再见。My clothes are wet. Ive been walking in the rain.我的衣服湿了，所以一直走在雨中。C. 表示某种感情色彩。例如：Too much has been happening these days.这些天发生的事情太多了。（多事之秋）You have been deceiving me.你在骗我。（气愤）D. 表示某种企图或尝试。例如：He has been telling me.他一直想告诉我。(He has tried to tell me.)She has been advising me.她一直想劝我。(But she did not succeed.)E. 表示一个过去动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）。I have been telling him to study hard.我一直告诉他学习要更加刻苦才是。(He should have passed the exam this time, but he failed.)He has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。(Now he is tired out.)F. 表示重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）。例如：Weve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论过那件事。I have been bidding goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。2. (Line 4) The satellite was directly into an area known as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago.) 卫星对准发射的地区叫曼哈顿（是以金星上伟大的天文学家曼哈顿教授命名的，在两万光年之前该教授用望远镜首次发现了这个地区）。1） 本句中的known as和named after是过去分词短语，分别修饰前面的名词area和Manhattan。2） 分词具有动词的特征，同时又具有形容词和副词的特征，因而它在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。3） 单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后，往往可以用定于从句代替。过去分词作定语时与被其修饰词成逻辑动宾关系。例如：A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests. 为贵宾们举行了宴会。People stared at him in startled admiration. 人们以惊讶而赞赏的目光注视着他。The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizens.小时候受过训练的孩子会成为好公民。4） 有些动词的过去分词作前置定语时，已不再是作动词时的意义，意思已经发生变化，相当于一个形容词。例如：a celebrated novel一部著名小说an ill-favored face一张丑陋的脸ones ill-advised action某人的不明智行为a confirmed drunkard一个不可救药的酒鬼5） 下面作前置定语的过去分词大多已变为形容词，请注意其含义：annoyed look困惑的表情excited optimism兴奋而乐观a considered view经过深思熟虑的观点a decided step决定性的步骤a troubled place是非之地surprised laughter吃惊的大笑6） named after中的after意为“仿照方式”，美国人常用for代替after。named by中的by表示动作的执行者。例如：The boy was named after/for his uncle.这个男孩是以他叔叔的名字起名的。The boy was named by his uncle.这个男孩的名字是他叔叔起的。3. (Line 24) We dont know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.虽然我们还不知道它含有什么成分，但是他很可能会给我们带来许多麻烦，我们还必须做更多的试验，然后才能把金星人送往地球。1） 本句中what it is made of是由what引导的宾语从句。what常用来引导名词性从句。what在引导名词性从句时有两个重要的特点：一是它在相应的名词性从句中一定有含义，常表示“什么”，“所的”，“的样子”等；二是它在相应的名词性从句中一定充当某个成分，而且常做主语，宾语或表语。2） 下面仅就what所引导的四种名词性从句进行举例分析：A. 引导主语从句i) What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是更多的时间。(what作need的宾语)ii) What really matters is that she wore a pair of white shoes. 真正麻烦的是她穿了一双白鞋。(what作matters的主语)B. 引导宾语从句i) People were perhaps more honest a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today. 很久以前当生活与现在的生活完全不同时，人们或许更诚实。(what作从句中is的表语)ii) People have heard what the President has said; they are waiting to see what he will do. 人们已经听到了总统所说的；他们正等着看总统会做什么。(what分别作动词heard和see的宾语)C.引导表语从句i) Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just what worries the public. 是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是所令民众担心的事儿。(what作从句中的主语)ii) That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想告诉你的事儿。(what作从句中的宾语)iii) The little girl is no longer what she used to be. 这个小女孩不再是过去的样子了。(what作从句中的表语)D. 引导同位语从句i) They have no idea at all what he is working on. 他们一点儿都不知道他正在做什么。(what作从句中的宾语)ii) You have no idea what I suffered. 你不知道我所遭受的痛苦。(what作从句中的宾语)3） 本句中before we send a Venus Being there是before引导的时间状语从句。before和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。before引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。after引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句要用过去完成时。例如：They had got everything ready before I arrived.在我到之前他们已经把一切都准备好了。After he had worked in the factory for ten years, he went abroad.他在这家工厂工作了十年后就出国了。It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就感觉到了这个岗位的危险性。(notlong意为“不久就”，before有时也可换为when，但主句主语是it时，只能用before，不用when，如此句。)4） 如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如：He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后他才到达。She did not understand me before I explained it to her.在我想他解释之前，她不理解我的意思。4. (Line 34) There are so many of these paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one.那有很多这样的轨道，很多这样的金属微粒，要使飞碟在那着陆而不被某一颗微粒撞毁是很难办到的。1） 本句中的so many of these paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one是一个典型的结果状语从句。2） 结果状语从句通常位于主句之后。其格式一般有以下几种：so + 形容词（副词）+ thatso + 形容词 + a(an) + 单数名词 + thatso + 形容词（副词）+ 复数名词+ thatso + 形容词 + 不单数名词+ thatsuch + a(an) +形容词 + 单数名词 + that例如：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。The difference is such that all will perceive it.差别那么大，所有的人都看得出来。It was such a hot day that even the crops withered.天气极度炎热，连庄稼都枯萎了。It was so hot a day that even the crops withered.这两句话句意完全一样，但需注意搭配关系：such为形容词，修饰名词短语a hot day；so为副词，修饰形容词hot。3） so