输电线路工程专业外文翻译.doc

Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province, ChinaAbstract Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the 800kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises business development.Keywords l Large-scale wind power; l Long-distance transmission; l Transmission tariff; l Incremental cost; l Risk 中国甘肃省西部的大型风力发电关于电力传输的收费问题摘要电力系统中的Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the 800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises business development.大型风力发电传动提出了一些挑战。电能传输的收费标准的确定和共享的成本是阻碍风电发展的潜在因素。本文分析了以风力发电远程传输电能到电力系统的增量成本，考虑固定及增量成本和成本波动的风险变量的因素，并建立了一个大型风力发电远程传输综合风险定价模型。甘肃省具有丰富的风力资源，所以我们以酒泉的风电整合和800 kV甘肃株洲直流（DC）为例，验证说明这种电力传输模型的实用性。结论如下：接入电网连接的成本津贴应大致分为大型风电基地成本和远程传输电能的成本；而风电的大规模远距离输电的定价应分为由两部分组成的输电定价系统，以消除由单个简单的分配方法所产生的固定波动的风险，和固定传输成本的变化。输电价格必须包括折旧补偿，运行和维护成本，及合理的投资回报，这是提供企业业务发展的一种有效的激励和引导的机制。关键词l 大范围的风能 l 长距离传输l 输送电能的收费l 增加的成本l 风险1. Introduction With 7GW wind power bases now being promoted, Chinese wind power development is switching to ultra-large-scale, high-concentration development and long-distance transmission, resulting in a greater than expected increase in transmission costs 1. Currently, the Chinese transmission and distribution tariff has no clear independent pricing mechanism. It is mainly reflected by the difference between the retail tariff set by the government and the generation tariff also set by the government. However, with the acceleration of grid construction, the low transmission and distribution tariff seems increasingly contradictory. The consequence is that the electricity pricing mechanism cannot fully compensate the grid company, the power network cost cannot be incorporated into the retail tariff and the enthusiasm for wind power consumption is affected by the improper transmission and distribution tariff. In addition, the low transmission and distribution tariff is actually concealing inflation; this may dampen the enthusiasm of power investors and producers, causing a slowdown in grid construction, and continuous power supply tension, and finally affecting the security, stability, and ultimately the orderly and efficient operation of the grid system as a whole. The formulation of an allowance standard for wind power grid connection was based on the dispersive access model of traditional wind power. In fact, this standard was in line with the actual situation of wind power development at the time it was formulated, and it cannot fully meet the current and future demand for wind power development in China 2.Currently, there are various transmission and distribution pricing methods. These include rolled-in transmission pricing methods, such as the postage stamp, MW-Mile, and contract path method. On this basis, Xia et al. 3 proposed a new transmission and distribution pricing method based on the optimal supply-demand match and MW Mile, to achieve a reasonable apportionment of distance-related transmission cost. Qiao et al. 4 calculated the share of use of the central China power grid through the analysis of trends and trading contracts. The other kind of pricing method is the marginal cost pricing method. Zhang et al. 5 priced each transmission line by using the marginal cost pricing method, and determining the transmission cost-sharing coefficient based on a power flow tracing method. Zhang et al., Reng et al. and Chung et al. 6, 7and8 calculated the active power price and the reactive power price through using the marginal cost method, taking into account the recovery and investment of fixed assets, to ensure the grids payment balance. Li et al. 9 calculated users cost-sharing changes based on the marginal net loss coefficient method, calculated the additional cost by using the marginal cost method, and determined the users cost by judging whether the marginal changes in the trading volume exceed the maximum capacity of devices. Tarjei Kristiansen 10 made a comparison of three transmission pricing models: the Wangensteen model, the optimal power flow model and the Hogan model, and found that three models have different applications: the Wangensteen model is used for educational purposes, the optimal power flow model has been widely used in electrical engineering and dispatch of power systems, and Hogans model is an economists version of the optimal power flow model. The studies above focus on conventional methods of transmission and distribution pricing. Although there are some differences in the transmission and distribution pricing mechanisms for renewable energy sources such as wind power, the studies above can also give some suggestions. For example, the recovery and depreciation of investment should be considered in wind power transmission and distribution pricing, and the power flow tracing method can be used to determine the transmission cost-sharing coefficients so as to ensure the power grids payment balance.At present, some scholars are studying large-scale wind power, as well as wind power grid connection pricing methods. Dale et al. 11 mainly studied the impact of long-distance large-scale wind power consumption on the operation cost, pointing out that the proportion of wind power in the power resource is closely related to the proportion of additional spare capacity provided for wind farms rated capacity, and the reserve cost can be determined correspondingly. Swider et al. and Barth et al. 12and13 proposed three kinds of wind power cost-sharing methods: deep, shallow and ultra-shallow, which can give different definitions for the developers and the associated cost of power grid construction in wind power projects respectively. Hill et al. 14 studied the external issues of renewable energy pricing, and put forward the idea that the production cost of renewable energy electricity could be allocated for all energy products through reasonable tax collection and subsidies. Andrew et al. 15 studied the cost of transmission for wind power in the United States, developed a better understanding of the transmission costs and gained a better appreciation of the differences in transmission planning approaches. They concluded that the median cost of transmission from all scenarios is $300/kW, roughly 1520% of the cost of building a wind project. Abdala 16 mentioned that a number of elements should be used to set transmission prices on existing capacity, such as line losses, operating and maintenance costs, re-dispatching generation costs, network quality of supply and revenue reconciliation.In summary, current studies on large-scale wind power transmission pricing methods mainly focus on the distribution of the additional cost caused by wind power grid integration, and the market mechanisms and fiscal policy which are adapted to it 17and18. These studies discuss the impact of wind power grid integration on transmission and distribution links from different perspectives, but they have not taken into account that large-scale wind power base in Gansu Province is concentrated in economically backward regions which are far away from load centres. Therefore, the wind power needs to be transmitted long distances to load centres located in economically developed areas, which requires a large amount of construction investment, and the transmission cost will significantly increase correspondingly. Based on the incremental analysis, this paper examines the incremental cost to the electric power system caused by the long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power, considering the fixed and variable properties of that incremental cost, and the risk from cost fluctuations, to establish an electricity transmission pricing model based on the risk cost. It took the long-distance transmission of wind power in Gansu Province as an example to verify the validity of the model.1. 介绍中国目前正在建设容量为7千兆瓦的风能发电厂，目的是为了向超大风能发电容量、大容量和长距离传输方面发展，但产生的传输成本比预期的增加了很多 1 。目前，中国的输配电的电价没有明确独立的定价标准机制。因为不同地区不同省的政府制定的收费标准不同。然而，随着电网建设的加速，低压输配电电价似乎越来越无法制定相同的收费标准。其结果是，电力定价机制产生的效益不能完全补偿电网投资的成本，电网的成本不能被纳入的零售电价对风能发电的前景没有影响。此外，较低的输配电电价实际上是在掩盖通货膨胀，这可能降低电力投资者的积极性，使电网建设放缓，并产生供电紧张，最终影响到供电的安全性、稳定性，对最终建设有序、高效的电力网络产生致命伤害。对风电并网补贴标准的制定是基于传统的风力分散的定价模型。事实上，这个标准是制定当时的风电发展实际情况，并不能完全适应今后中国风能发电的发展需求 2 。目前，有各种各样的定价输配电价的方法。这些定价方法包括推出，如发行邮票，按MW/英里计算电价和合同等合法路径。在此基础上，Xia 等人 3 提出了一个新的在输送和分布的基础上以最优供需匹配和MW/英里的定价方法，以达到一个合理的输电成本的分摊。Qiao 等人觉得 4 国家电网的共享是通过对发展趋势的分析和贸易合同的使用。另一种是边际成本定价的方法。这种 5 是根据单根输电线路采用边际成本定价的方法，与基于潮流追踪法确定输电费用分摊系数相配合。Zhang 6 ， Reng 7 .和Chung等人 8 通过采用边际成本定价方法计算有功功率的价格和功的价格，考虑固定资产投资的收益，以确保电网收支平衡.。Li等人 9 以边际网损系数为基础计算用户分担成本的变化，利用边际成本法计算额外成本，并通过判断在交易量的边际变化范围内是否超过设备的最大容量，以此来确定用户的成本。克里斯坦森 10 建立了三个输电定价模型：旺根斯滕模型，最优潮流模型和霍根模型。结果发现这三种模型有不同的应用范围：旺根斯滕模型适用于教育方面，最优潮流模型已被广泛应用在电气工程