大学四级英语语法.doc

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笔记：大学四级考试-语法高分特训时间：20130822目录笔记正文非谓语动词不定式非谓语动词动名词非谓语动词分词不定式VS动名词-独立主格情态动词情态动词归类整理虚拟语气主谓一致长喜版本主谓一致道真版本特殊句式类型特殊句式there be特殊句式强调句特殊句式反意疑问句特殊句式插入语特殊句式否定句特殊句式倒装句特殊句式省略句AS的用法-IT的用法-从句类型定语从句状语从句名词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句名词性从句表语从句名词性从句同位语从句从句比较二度整理-补充信息笔记简介标题解释符号解释格式解释附录非谓语动词(不定式/动名词/分词)不定式to do一 形式基本被动拓展否定To doto be doneTo be doing（not) to doTo have doneto have been doneTo have been doing 二 辅助1不定式&谓语v（发生的时间关系）to doTo have doneTo be doingTo have been doing之前之前同时，正在进行之前，但是一直进行之后将在某一时刻完成2不定式表示作表语表n性质表目的、愿望、结果作状语表目的、愿望、结果表原因、比较，独立成分作宾语视前后词而定作定语（与被修饰词为）动宾关系主谓关系同位语关系状语关系三用法（6）1小用法（6）To (adv) do/to once more doBe (adj) to doBe to do (but.)本打算（强调未完成）主动表示被动Plan/intend/pretend/mean/expect/think/wish to do本打算（强调未完成）Should like/would like/should love/should love to do（强调过去未实现）人 recommond 人 + to do人 recommond 物 + to be doneto do为真正主语；it为形式主语人/物 is + adj + to doIt is + adj (for/of sb) + to do For sb to do（可作主/表/定/状）What/how/which/when/why/where + to do/whether to do (or not)Come to do（强调逐渐）To tell (you) the truth（独立主格）（only) to find that.（出乎意料的结果）2大用法（5）V + to doAfford agree aim apply arrange ask attempt (7)Dare decide declin demand desire determine (6)Bother Fail Manage Refuse Want (5)Choose claim consent (3)Help hesitate hope (3)Learn long (2)Prepare promise (2)Tend threaten (2)V + sb + to do：3种Ask request force compel press urge order command warn trouble cause （强制要求）Get tell advise encourage persuade remind allow instruct （温暖要求）Beg wish prefer want intend expect（愿望祈求）N + to do + prep：2种Eg:You decided whom to go with.N为place/time/way时，介词prep可省略Eg:We found a place to stay.Prep + 关系代词 + to do：2种Eg:You will want two trees about ten feet apart,from which to suspend your tentEg:You will want two trees about ten feet apart to suspend your tent from特殊不定式do：4种Do except/but do = except/but to do（1）Do far more than do（1）词组：（4）Had better;would rather/sooner.than;rather than;would just as soon;may/might (just) as well;cannot (help) but = cant help (doing)+ do感官动词或役使动词后作宾补：（16）Feel;hear;notice;see;watch;listen to;look at;make;have;let;leave;note;Observe;perceive;bid+ doEg:She felt someone pet on her head.动名词doing一 形式基本被动扩展否定Doingbeing done（not) doingHaving donehaving been doneHaving been doingHaving (not) done二 辅助1动名词&谓语v（发生的时间关系）doingHaving done不体现时态，同时，之后不体现时态，同时，之前2动名词表示作主语表概念、习惯、经验作表语主语：无生命/What引导从句表主对应关系：表示主语内容主表位置可互换作状语表时间、原因、结果表条件、方式、让步评论性状语（如narrowly speaking）作定语注意其位置作宾语3 doing的动作承受者是doing的逻辑主语；主动与被动视和逻辑主语的关系4 it作形式主语，后面谓语v也是doing的5 a sleeping child（睡着的小孩） VS a sleeping car（卧车）前者：有使动关系：child sleep(s)后者：无使动关系：sleeping指car的性质三 用法（6）V + doing = V + be to doneWant need require（已熟悉）Deserve bear take stand（死记）V + doing（不能+to do）Suggest Dislike Consider Enjoy Quit Mind Risk Appreciate Avoid Admit Involve (已熟悉)Delay Deny Recommond Resist Postpone （221）Acknowledge Anticipate Escape Ensure Evade Facilitate Fancy Favor(333)Phrases + doing（不能+ to do）Approve of;disaprove of （of家族）Feel like;give up; insist on;put off（杂牌军）look forward to;pay attention to;be accustomed to;be used to;lead to;take to;devote to;dedicate to;contribute to;see to; 按熟悉度confess to;object to;be equal to;stick to;get down to(to家族)所有格：3种作宾语 可用通格Eg:Would do you mind my/me/Nancys/Nancy kissing you?作主语（主语有生命） 不可用通格Eg:His/Sams mistaking her to Mary yesterday hurt her badly.作主语（无生命）或宾语 必用通格Eg:I am found of coffee being served in a rainning day.作主语（抽象名词或有生命名词泛指）或宾语 必用通格Eg:We cant catch time running.作主语（s收尾或两个以上）或宾语 必用通格Eg:It is quite unexpected the students finishing this exam so soon.逻辑主语是这些词时： 必用通格this/that;somebody/someone;nobody/none;anybody/anyoneEg:He was awaken by somebody shouting outside.逻辑主语是with的宾语 必用通格Eg:He felt lonely with his lover being dead.逻辑主语不可省略：excuse pardon forgive prevent Eg:Forgive my bothering you,but may I have a word with you?句型：4种Its no good/no use + doing(1)Its worthy/busy + doing(1)Have difficulty/trouble in doing;(3)Spend/waste time (in) doing;Its a waste of time doingThere is no point in;(3)Whats the point/use of;How/What about单词：3个Approach/answer/solution + to doing分词done一 形式现在分词过去分词Doing Done 二 辅助现在分词过去分词A falling leaves（正在）A fallen leaves（完成）A tiring game（令人.的）A tired girl（.的）Feel;hear;keep;notice;see;watch; Listen(to);look at（强调正在进行）Feel;hear;keep;notice;see;watch;Find;leave;make;have;let;get（强调被动）1 分词可作定、表（主语性质或状态）状、补（时间/原因/条件/伴随状态）2 分词在独立主格结构中使用的关键：与逻辑主语主动/被动关系三 用法（1）定语：3种分词短语后置Something/anything分词后置As+分词短语结构后置为定语不定式VS动名词（几个比较）（6）Forget/remember/regretTo doDoing 忘了去做（实际上没做）忘了做过了某事（实际上做了）TryTo doDoing 努力、尽力尝试着MeanTo doDoing 打算去做=plan to do意味着Quit/stop/go on/leave offTo doDoing 不及物v，目的状语及物v，宾语Use toBe used to doUse to doBe use to doing被用作过去常常=would习惯于（各种时态）Admit/advise/allow;consider;encourage;forbid;permit;recommondEg:The teacher doesnt permit smoking in class. （作宾语）Eg:The teacher doesnt permit his students to smoke in class.（作宾补）独立主格一 形式非谓语动词的独立主格（有v独立主格结构） N/prep + To do Doing Done其他形式的独立主格（无v独立主格结构） N/prep + (being) + n/adj/adv/prep短语 With的复合结构：with + n/prep + adj/adv/prep短语 to do/doing/done二辅助With的复合结构独立主格结构口语化书面化（口语中常以从句代替）结构较松散结构较紧密可作定语不可作定语蓝色字体虚拟语气主句使用情态动词一 形式Should/shall/ought toCould/can/be able toWould/will/be use toMight/mayNeed/dare（既是情态动词，又是行为动词）Must/have tobe supposed to/be toHad better二 辅助1 Shall作“建议/征询”意义时：多一/三人称，疑问句2 Shall作“允诺/命令/警告”意义时：多二/三人称，陈述句三 用法（8）ShouldCould/canWould/willMight/may推测（表惊讶/不理解等情绪）推测（Cant:0%）推测（过去/未来）推测建议建议建议蓝色字体情态动词独特用法请求/许可（委婉：cancould）请求/许可(委婉：willwould)请求/许可（委婉：maycouldnt have doneMust have done一定已经=cant/couldnt have doneMay have done可能已经(常有抱怨之意)Neednt have done本不必（实际上做了）=didnt have to情态动词归类整理对比表1：建议类should建议推测（情绪）Shall 建议/征询许诺/