外文翻译---青少年吸烟行为与家庭各因素、压力、自尊及人格的相关研究.docx

Research on Relations among Adolescences Smoking Behavior,Family Factors, Stress, Self-esteem and PersonalityAbstract Smoking behavior is a sign that adolescence begin problem behavior. Smoking behavior is often associated with other kinds of problem behavior and is harm to health development of adolescence. Figures of recent survey have shown that in many county smoking prevalence among young people increased rapidly, many researchers pay attention to the case, many researches on adolescences smoking behavior are seen in educational and psychological field.Different researches define smoking behavior in different ways. This subject researches smoking behavior from two aspects: smoking habit and smoking quantity. The subject also researches some factors associated with adolescent smoking behavior from two aspects: one is outside circumstance that is involved in family life, the other is personal factors that include perceived stress, self-esteem and personality. The subject does this to explore which factor is connected with smoking behavior. As a result, the study makes some suggestion for smoking cession in adolescent.Finally, the results of multiple linear regression show that sex, parent smoking,stress and psychoticism is independently related with adolescent smoking behavior.Youth has become the worlds rapidly growing group of consumers of cigarettes.Smoking behavior of young people is directly related to its adult smoking behavior, the majority of adult smokers are starting from a young age and formed a smoking habit.For the seriousness of youth smoking, scholars have started on this issue a lot of research.At present, the problem of youth smoking research in the following two aspects: whether the factors that led to the smoking behavior of young people? How to prevent young people smoking? A problem after a question before the research-based,so the impact factors of youth smoking is increasingly becoming the focus of research.Some studies suggest that the parents within the family, environmental factors affect the smoking behavior of adolescents, some studies suggest that social impact of external environment on smoking behavior of adolescents, some studies suggest that adolescent smoking behavior is determined by its individualcaused by internal factors.However, the factors that influence youth smoking behavior itself is complex, research in this area still continue to explore the stage, there is not a complete theoretical system and a unified qualitative conclusions.Youth smoking is a serious social problem, caused by the problems of young smokers has become the focus of the community, how to prevent and reduce youth smoking behavior is an urgent need to address the problem.People smoke in life itself is an invisible killer, smoking can cause cancer and other malignant diseases, and adolescents are at an important period of physical growth.Smoking behavior of young people will enable them to produce a series of problem behavior, such as smoking, drinking and even suicide, the existing research on youth smoking behavior of adolescent smoking behavior with that many badconsequences such as poor school performance, bad behavior in school, do not want to go to school, problem behavior (kieiman, et al, 1988).These young people are no doubt a great impact on physical and mental health.In addition, young people are in life and world view formed during a problem behavior during this period, will seriously endanger their mental health development.From the smoking behavior of young people and smoking two aspects of family and youth smoking-related environmental factors, parental factors, to understand the stress levels, self-esteem, personality tendencies characteristics, and analysis of youth smokinginternal mechanism of smoking behavior, and promote the healthy development of young people the positive factors, negative factors on the growth of young people to resist the impact.1.family structureandthe relationship betweenyouth smokingOver the past few decades the social conditions in many countries important changes have taken place, one of which is living in single-parent families and step-parent families in the rapidly growing number of children. With divorce and remarriagerates in society is growing, born in incomplete families of children is also increasing.After investigation, in 1998 young people aged 11 to experience a 1S number ofparents divorced twice in 1978 (Summerfield & Matheson, 2000).Worth noting that these grow in single-parent families or step-parent families withchildren than other children the same age may experience more adverse factors. First,the average income of single parent families and average household income than the average three times lower (Eurostat, 2000). These studies also found that step-parents /single parent families often have a lot of young people in a negative way of life, such a negative way of life and among young people is closely related to unhealthy life. In addition, We can learn from the social and cultural point of view to explore this issue, usually, fromyoung families do not complete the incidence of problem behavior is far higher than the general youth, such as these children rarely in school, life Showed good quality, in theearly days, they usually have higher absenteeism rates and truancy rates in them are more prone to deviant behavior and problem behavior, such as criminal behavior,running away from home and close contact with the health of some of the acts Issues, such as smoking (Sweeting, West, & Richards, 1998). Like many Western countriesstudies have found young people from non-intact families have higher smoking rates( Isohanni, Moilanen &Rantakallio, 1991;Goddard&Higgins, 1999; Tyas&Pederson,1998; Shakib, Mouttapa,Johnson, 2003)。But there is still debate this question: do not complete a full family and between families caused by the difference really is a major factor in youth smoking, and if so, why? This, there is no consistentand reliable answers.Dornbusch and his colleagues believe that the reason young people from single-parent families more likely to smoke because of the lack of parental monitoring and socio-emotional support (Dornbusch, 1991).An American scholar on the health behavior of young people aged 12-16 studies have shown that smoking behavior of young people and other bad behavior and their parents understand the, those who believe that parents are concerned about young love and understand their preferredhave fewer smoking behavior, and that parents ignore their smoking behavior of young people to have more (Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991).Youth Smoking and the relationship between family environment is still in continuous improvement among youth smoking by other family factors, including alienation between parents and children might be indifferent between the primary factor.Some of the family simply divided into a parent or two parents, the problem this dichotomy is too simplistic, separation, divorce, parental death can result in family breakdown.Some other single-parent families and other adults living together, while others are not single-parent families (Hoffman, 1995).American psychologist Hoffman, through its research provides a step model, this model describes the single-parent families who came fromHow young people took to the road smoking.The first step, the parents divorced or living with their parents will be reduced following the youth and family links, including communication and emotions from other family support; the second step, loose family ties and less family interference increasedchildren and other young people smoking or drug use contact; the third step, the above two factors combined to make young people the possibility of smoking or drug use greatly increased.In contrast with these results, some studies found that family structure has nothing to do with youth smoking behavior.Dunham and others, such as 11-14 year-olds in the survey study found that family structure on youth smoking behavior is not obvious, they will introduce their research in family relations, family relations on adolescent smoking foundbehavior has a direct impact and the effect of regulation by the age variable (Sokl, Katc, 1997). Farell et al (1992) pointed out that the impact of family structure is not the main reason for youth smoking, youth smoking mainly affected familiesstatus, parental smoking, parental education level and other effects.Or family structure by social support, self-psychological factors of adolescent adjustment (Miller, 1997).And Griesbach (2003), who devoted seven countries on the European cross-cultural research, the results in almost all countries in the family structure as an independent factor affecting youth smoking behavior, it is not where young familieseconomic conditions, parental smoking, gender and other factors, but their study also found that one of the countrys family structure and adolescent smokingSmoking behavior does not have significant correlation.In the other six countries, young people smoking and step-parent family environment was significantly related, and all countries, single-parent families than the rate of youth smoking in the full family rate of youth smoking.Glending, Shucksmith & Hendtry (1997) found that daily smokers, the step-parent families had the highest youth smoking rates, followed by young single-parent family, and complete the lowest smoking rate of young families.And Sweeting, West & Richards (1998) of daily smokers and occasional smokers in the study reached the opposite conclusion.Although the relationship between family structure and smoking are not consistent, but most studies agree that family structure is the result of incomplete an important factor in youth smoking, and other inconsistencies in the conclusions may have its geographical and methodological problems.2. parental factors and the quality of the relationship between youth smokingMany studies and several views of the authority of the family in adolescent behavior have proved the socialization process plays an important role (Maccoby & Martin, 1983).Childrens social behavior mainly dependent on their families, especially the support and guide parents to complete.In the way parents raise their children in the community of the classical view, Maccoby & Martin that the family environment, psychological studies of social behavior related to the behavior of parents, children learn how to support those in the future may help or harm others habits, and thisAt the same time, parents need to help children shape the recognition of some social behavior, such as helping others, independent, responsible and so on.When children enter adulthood, many factors outside the home is gradually affecting their growth, but the family still acts as the main spokesperson of their society.Family socialization process of individuals present and future health-related behaviors (such as alcohol, tobacco and other substance abuse) has a great influence (Steinberg, 1987).In the home environment, parents youth grow is immeasurable. First, the parents of their warmth, such as determining the level of interest whether the healthy growth of young people. Foxcroff & Lowe (1991) surveyed 1,000 young people aged 12-16 to understand young peoples understanding of parenting styles and their self-reported health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol relationship. According to the participants self-reported family support and control the situation and bring them into four different categories of family environment. The four environments are: warm-type families, such families with high support and high control of its main features: spoiled-type family, with high support of its main features low control; authoritative family, characterized by high control, low support; neglectful families, showed low support, low control.The results showed understanding for the family life and adolescent health behaviors are closely related.Those who believe that type of authority and control parents of young doting parents than those who think that young people are more warm-based smoking behavior, neglectful family the most youth smoking behavior.Other studies have found similar results, that lack of parental respect and lack of parental care and social support are associated with adolescent smoking behavior (Aquilino, 2001; Byrne, Haddock, Poston, 2002).Another view is that young people have unhealthy behaviors may also be because in the early stages of development, the parents of the young peoples self-esteem and other heartManagement functions, and low self-esteem and poor mental function after a direct result of youth smoking and other unhealthy behaviors (Conrad, 1992).So Sweeting & West (1998) self-esteem variable in the control cases, family life and health of young people between the study done and found: the relationship between adolescents and parents, the more distant or in conflict with their parents,they are more likely to have harmful health behaviors.And the relationship between the two high and low self-esteem of young people affected.Another study shows that young people understand the behavior of parents and their psychological characteristics and personality traits related to (Shakib, Miuttapa, Johnson, 2003) 。Most studies to date have determined the quality factors of the parents of youth smokingis indeed an important factor, but in the specific study, the study chose a different angle.In addition, parents occupation and career decisions by the parents, socio-economic status of families are considered may be related to youth smoking behavior factors.Sweeting emphasized the differences between social groups, family life class health behavior of young peoples potential impact, but the family life of the physical environment has nothing to do with adolescent health behavior. However, Gonrad (1992) results have shown that parental occupation, family socio-economic status areassociated with adolescent smoking behavior, and he also found that parental smokingto predict youth smoking is an important indicator.3.Smoking and the relationship between adolescent physical and psychological pressure Pressure on the relationship between smoking and has long been a controversial issue, there has been the relationship between its two opposing views.One view is that smoking and stress have a very close relationship between the relevant studies to illustrate the three aspects are closely related between the two: 1, compared with non-smokers, smokers often report that they feel moremuch pressure, smokers report that smoking helps them cope with stress; 2, with the stress levels experienced by individuals increased their smoking also increased; 3, smokers with low levels of life stress experiencethe case may be to quit, and those who quit smoking report that they feel the lower levels of stress.In contrast, another view is that there is no smoking and stress are closely related, the correlation between the two are often not significant.Most smokers report when they feel nervous or anxious, they often smoke, because smoking makes them feel relaxed and comfortable, but smoking is one of the main methods to control their emotions.Ward, Green, and Horns survey found that 80% of smokers agree with the statement that smoking makes people feel relaxed and happy. In the survey, smokers of various classes on the following questions in the affirmative answer: When I nervous when smoking made me relax, smoking makes me calm down, unless smoking, otherwise I will not be long on life satisfaction (Speilberger, 1986).These studies suggest that smoking can really help people cope with stress, control emotions.Tobacco is the peoples mood regulator, smoking, smokers can really calm and reduce anxiety and anger.In addition, some studies have shown that heavy smokers who smoke in no case more than non-smokers, negative emotions, the case in the absence of smoke, smokers may experience more emotional stress and anger.(Hughes, Hiffins & Hatsukami, 1990).Between smoking and stress there is a relationship of mutual influence of smoking so that people can deal with pressure well, while people may make them dependent on tobacco smoke in no case was more negative emotions.Therefore, smokers than non-smokers experienced more stress, a large number of studies have proved this point, smokers, pressure, stress levels were significantly higher than non-smokers of the pressure and tension levels (Warbuton,Revell & Thompson, 1991).For the male workers in the survey, compared with non-smokers, smokers reported higher levels of pressure they face, smokers and non-smokers self-reported stress levels had significant statistical significance (Parrott, 2000).With the increase in stress levels they face, young people tend to develop increased smoking behavior and smoking, that is, young smokers compared with non-smoking young people report they are in a stronger pressure on the environment.In a 1684 survey of Canadian high school students in the horizontal, with their peers than non-smokers, smokers who reported more stress, anxiety and fear, but the difference between the two reached a statistically significant level(Mitic, McGuire & Neumann, 1985).The survey also found that in the UK who do not smoke have the lowest self-reported stress levels, compared to occasional smokers, reported higher stress levels, and those who self-reported daily smokers are three levels of stressAmong the highest (Siqueira et al, 2000).United States, a subsequent retrospective study, were asked to describe himself in the past two years, respectively, in the smoking behavior and emotional status, found that increased gradually with the emotional pain, people tend to shift from occasional smokers, daily smokers.(Hirschman, Leventhal & Glynn,