英语阅读理解题探析.ppt

阅读理解题探析 阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的 手段，理解是对有效的信息进行处 理，阅读理解就是信息以文字符号 为载体(图像也可),通过阅读过程进 入大脑,大脑经过接收,分析和猜想, 来解决问题,输出有效的信息。 新课标要求学生具备的综 合阅读能力包括语篇领悟能力和语 言解码能力，强调多学科知识的贯 通,注重培养学生的语篇分析能力, 判断能力以及根据语义进行逻辑推 理的能力,提高阅读速度，增加其阅 读量和扩大词汇量。 阅读材料的文字都负载着一定的信 息，在阅读过程中，要调控好自己的注 意力，不能对每个文字、语段平均用力 ,而要抓住关键词语和句子，快速而准 确地捕捉到所需要的重要信息，达到提 高阅读速度和阅读效率的目的。 在记叙和描写性文体中，单句的重 要信息一般是主语、谓语、宾语；在科 技文体、政治文体中，单句的重要信息 更可能是状语、定语、补语；在复合句 中，大多数偏正复句的重要信息是正句 ；而在条件复合句中，表示唯一条件的 分句则是重要信息。 1.考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息的能力。 2.要求学生既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的 概念；既理解文章的表层意思，也理解文章的 深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之 音”。 3.要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解 全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 4.要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解， 也能结合自己应有的常识去理解。 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。 1) Which is the best title of the passage? 2) Which of the following is this passage about? 3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_. 4) The passage tells us that_. 5) This passage mainly talks about_. 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。 1) Which of the following is right? 2) Which of the following is not mentioned? 3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) From this passage we know _. 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。 1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means _. 2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _. 3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means _. 4) Here “it” means_. 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文 章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。 1) Many visitors come to the writers city to _. 2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may _. 3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _. 4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station? 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理 和判断的能力。 1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _. 2) We can infer from the text that _. 3) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs. 4) From the story we can guess _. 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。 1) The writer writes this text to _. 2) The writer believes that _. 3) The writer suggests that _. u获取段落的主旨和大意 最有效的办法是找出主题句 1）主题句在段首 All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears. u获取段落的主旨和大意 最有效的办法是找出主题句 2）主题句在段末 If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. u根据上下文猜测词义 1、根据定义或解释猜测词义 A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”.Now when someone lets out ( 泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he _. A. makes everyone know a secret B. B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag A u根据上下文猜测词义 2、根据并列、同位关系猜测词义 In the northeast of the United States, summer temperatures are very different from winter temperatures. Summer is usually hot, and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm, and fall temperatures are cool. The word “fall” in this passage means _. A. drop B. down C. autumn D. spring C u根据上下文猜测词义 3、根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义 u确定细节和事实 找出相应的信息点；排除干扰项 What do plants make food from? They make food from _. A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and air B. water, sunlight and things in the soil C. water and things in the soil and air D. water, sunlight and things in the soil A Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air. u根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的 信息 1、事实推断 Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news. According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV? A. You often play football with your friends after school. B. Your teacher has got a cold. C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught. D. The bike in front of your house is lost. C u根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的 信息 1、事实推断 2、指代推断 3、逻辑推断 4、对作者的意图和态度的推断 1、先看题干，带着问题读文章。 2、速读全文，了解大意主题。 3、详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。 4、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。 慢读 许多学生误认为读得越慢，理解程度越高。教师要指导学生改变这种观念。要迫 使学生自己经常进行限时阅读，在教师的指导下提高学生的阅读速度。 、指读 这是在阅读过程中常见的一种现象。学生为了使自己集中注意力，常用手指、笔 、尺等工具指着单词逐个地读。这种习惯不仅减慢了阅读速度，而且把学 生的注意力集中到了书页的字行上，使学生读完了一篇文章还不知文章的 主题内容是什么。学生在阅读时应把注意力集中在作者要阐明的思想内容 上，而非每个字的位置上。为了纠正这种不良习惯，教师要指导学生在平 时的阅读中，不断提醒自己，克制自己，不要使用那类工具。通过长时间 的训练，这种习惯会改掉的。 、声读 声读是部分学生在阅读时读出声来的一种不良习惯。其主要弊端是使学生的阅 读速度受到了说话速度的约束。养成这种不良习惯的主要原因是由于缺乏 系统的默读训练或对文章的单词陌生的缘故。要克服这种不良习惯，教师 要经常观察学生的嘴唇、舌头、喉头和声带的振动，多做快速阅读训练。 、心读 这是一种最难以觉察的出声阅读形式。克服心读的有效方法就是有意识地让学 生将阅读速度加快到超过最快的讲话速度，使学生没有时间去念每个单词 的音。 、眼睛的运动 在阅读过程中，有些学生每读一个单词，眼睛就会停顿一下。克服这一坏习惯 ，可以推荐以一个意群为视幅，这样可以提高阅读速度，也有助于对文章 、句子的理解，提高阅读的效率。 、回视 这是学生在阅读过程中，对已经阅读过的内容不放心，而倒过去复视的现象。 回视的次数越多，阅读的速度越慢。减少回视，一要向学生提供程度不同 的阅读材料，使他们觉得难度适中，树立读懂的信心。二要使学生不断地 自我提醒，克服这一坏习惯。 、心译 心译就是学生在