[中学教育]初中英语语法讲解及练习.doc

初中英语语法【名词】1名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计，都是不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2名词的复数（1）规则变化A一般情况下加-s。B以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。如：bus-buses，box-boxes，watch-watches，brush-brushesC以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如：city-cities，country-countriesD以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。（2）不规则变化A元音发生变化。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-miceB词尾发生变化。如：child-childrenC单、复数同形。如：fish-fish，Japanese-Japanese，Chinese-Chinese，sheep-sheep3物质名词（不可数名词）量的表示方法（1）用much，a little，a lot of等表示（2）用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of，orange，two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。）His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时， 意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如，Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.4名词的所有格(1) 名词所有格的构成法 A单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加s。the workers bike，the Childrens ball B表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s。如： This is Lucy and Licy s room These are Kates and jack s roomsC. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加。如: the students books，the girls blouses(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时， s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes walk，todays newspaper例题： 例1（1）How far is your school from here?Not very far. Its about twenty _ walk.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute（2）It is about _ from the school to my home.A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes walkC. ten minutes s walk D. ten minutes walk分析 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词，选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系，因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的s也可以加在一个短语之后，若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s，则只加“。如：an hours ride, two weeks time。因而（1）、（2）小题答案均为B。例2 Have you seen _ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形；any一般用在疑问句和否定句里，some用在肯定句里。答案为A例3Who is the man in the blue car?He is _father. A. Kates and Marys B. Kate and Marys C. Kate and Mary D. of Kate and Mary分析 本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格，只给第二个名词加“s”。例4 （哈尔滨市，2003）-Where is Tom？- He s left a saying that he has something important to do.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news分析 此题考查名词的用法，由a知道选项A、C、D不行，故选B。答案 选B解后反思 an excuse（一个借口），an exercise（一个练习），news（新闻）是不可数名词。例5 （天津市，2003）He had something to write down and asked me for A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper分析 此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”讲时是不可数名词，故A、B、C可排除。答案：选D解后反思 paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词还有：fish，chicken等。练习：1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks7. _ has been invited to the dancing party.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her8. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers9 -Can I help you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper10. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all11. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health答案：D .B .D .B .C .A .B.B.B . A.A选择正确答案1. There are forty _ in our school.A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher2. Mr. Li is one of _ in the hospital.A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctorsC. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor3. The sign NO PHOTOS means that you cant _.A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos4. Some of the boys in _ are afraid of maths exams.A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class5. Have you got any _ for us this time?A. pieces of message B. piece of messagesC. pieces of messages D. messages6. _, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. In a few years time B. After a few years timeC. In a few years time D. After a few years time7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are _ in China.A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARS8. Look! There are _ stars up there in the _.A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; airC. thousand of; sky D. thousand of; air9. My father lived in _ for some ten years.A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city C. Beijing of city D. the city of Beijing10. Just from the _ I know its Liu Minjun.A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing11. Where are the other two students?Theyre in _.A. teachers office B. teachers officeC. the teacher office D. the teachers office12. How many _ have you next term?Let me see. Well have eight.A. lesson B. subjects C. days D. class13. My uncles full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is _.A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode14. He writes more carefully than _ in his class.A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students15. This new kind _ can do half the work.A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor16. John is very happy to have a _ training.A. two weeks B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months17. My brother is always careless. He always makes _A. mistakes B. mistake C. mistook D. some mistake18. Mr. Green is nearly _.A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres19. Mr. Smith is an _.A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen20. A group of _ are talking with two _.A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; GermenC. German; Frenchmen D Germans; Frenchmans【代词】人称代词，物主代词，反身代词类别：主格 宾格 形容词性 名 词性 反身代词物主代词 物主代词 第一人称单数：I me my mine myself复 数： we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复 数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itselfthey them their theirs themselves1人称代词 人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天气、时间、距离等时，用it来代替，此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时，其先后顺序为you，he，I。而复数一般采用we，you，they顺序。 2物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。 名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3反身代词 1)反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词：性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves2)反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party另一种是作名词或代词的同位语；用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave.by oneself，lose oneself in等，在运用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：“Help yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike”与I cant leave the girl by herself指示代词 ：指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。 不定代词：主要不定代词的用法：(1)one的用法A. one作为代词可以指人，也可以指物。B. one，ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词，以避免重复。C. one的前面可用this，that，the，which等词来修饰。D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西，而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别A. some，any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。B. some，any与thing，body，one构成的合成词的用法与some，any一样。C.在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。D. some在否定句中表示半否定，any表示全否定。Esome用于单数可数名词前，表示“某个”而不是“一些”。(3)other，another的用法泛指：another=an other other (boys) others特指：the other the other (boys) the others作主语、宾语：A. anotheranother另一个”，泛指众多者中的另一个，在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”，如： I want to have another two cakes我想再吃两个蛋糕。Bthe other表示两个中的另一个，常与one连用。常见形式是“onethe other”。 C. other+复数名词others D. the other+复数名词the others(4) a11、both的用法both表示“两者都”，而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都”。a11、both在句中放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后，放在实义动词之前。(5) each和every的用法A. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。B. 从含义和语法功能上看，each是“单个”的意思，侧重个体，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either，neither，both的用法either：指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither：指两者都不，全否定。作主语谓语用单数。 both：指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。 (7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意：a lot oflots of / plenty ofmuchmanya largegreat number ofmanya greatgood deal ofmuch(8)few，a few，little，a littlefew，little表示否定含义，“很少”“几乎没有”；a few，a little表示肯定含义，有一些”。few，a few用在可数名词前，little，a little用在不可数名词前。【代词】【代词】例1 用所给词的适当形式填空。1）This isnt _ (I) book, it must be _ (you). 2）Is there any milk in the bottle? Yes, there is _ (little). 分析 第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my，用于修饰名词book，第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours，相当于your book。第2小题应用a little表示肯定：“有一点儿”。例2 There are many trees on_ of the road. A. both side B. each sides C. both sides D. every side 分析 此题主要考查不定代词both, each和every的用法。both为“两者”（都）”，作定语时，其后接复数名词；作主语时，要用复数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个（的）”，作定语时，后接单数可数名词；作主语时，要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每个（的）”，作定语，只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road（rive，street等）只有两侧，所以正确答案只能是C。例3 1) “Help _ to some mooncakes”, Han Meimei said to the twins.A. you B. oneself C. yourself D. yourselves 2) Put on your clothes when you go out.Thank you. Mum. I can look after_.A. me B.I C. ourselves D. myself 分析 这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语，不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词，但可用在主格代词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中，如：by oneself独自，enjoy oneself 玩得愉快，teach oneself 自学，help oneself to随便吃（用）等。因此上二题答案均为D。例4 （广东省，2003）There is with my computer. It doesn t work.A. nothing wrong B. anything wrong C. wrong something D. something wrong分析 本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系，形容词修饰不定代词应放在不定代词之后，而anything用于否定句和疑问句，由It doesn t work知选D。答案：D解后反思 考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。单项选择1. _ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves2. Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?_, thanks. Id like just a cup of water.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None3. Would you like _ milk in your tea?Yes, just _.A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some4. There is_ to do this evening.A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else6. Is this your shoe?Yes, it is. But where is_?A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one7. What I want to say is _English is a very useful language.A. it B. this C. that D. those8. They have an English lesson _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more9. We found_ very important to learn a foreign language well.A. this B. that C. it D. its10. _ is Lily like?Oh, shes tall and thin.A. How B. Who C. Which D. What11. Would you like milk or orange?_ I prefer water.A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both12 .Oh, there is someone in the room._ must be my mother.A. There B. She C. This D. It 13. Betty and John have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet.A. the other B. others C. another D. the others14. _ of us has read the story.A. Some B. Both C. All D. None 15. Which of her parents is a doctor?_. A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All16. I have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.A. it B. one C. that D. this 17. Is this dictionary _ or _?Its mine.A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers 18. There is _ water in my glass. Will you please give me _.A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any 19. _pencil-box is this, Patrick?Its _A. Whose; mine B. Whos; mine C. Whose; my D. Whos; my 20. The pen is _. She wrote _ name with it _.A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; herC. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers【冠词】1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.2定冠词的基本用法A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。 C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。3定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F用在乐器名称前。G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。4名词前不用冠词的情况A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学；go to the school去那所学校；in hospital住院；in the hospital在那个医院里例1 选择填空1）Give me_, please. A. a cup tea B. two cup of tea C. two cup D. two cups of tea 2）The teacher passed me _ paper. A. a piece B. a piece of C. piece of D. a pair of 第1小题主要考查学生对可数名词与不可数名词的掌握情况，tea是不可数名词，不能用数量词直接修饰，但可以用容器表示量，表容器的名词可变为复数形式，即可以说two cups of tea，此题选D。第2小题答案选B。paper一词是不可数的，要表示“一张纸”，英语应为a piece of paper，不能说a paper。例2 _ delicious food you have cooked! A. How a B. How C. What a D. What分析 不定冠词表示数量，类似“”，修饰单数可数名词。不可数名词前不可用a、an修饰。在感叹句“What aan+ adj+ n+（主+谓）！”结构中，名词必是单数可数名词。若是不可数名词应用“What+ adj+ n+（主+谓）！”结构。句中food是不可数名词，故答案为D。例3 （1）We always have_ rice for _lunch. A. /; / B. the; / C. /; a D. the; the （2）Its half past four in the afternoon. The students are playing _ basketball now. A. / B. an C. a D. the 分析 下列情况不用任何冠词：1）专用名词（John、England）、物质名词（food，rice，water）等前；2）一日三餐的名词前；3）在表示球类运动的名词前。因此第（1）小题正确答案应为A；第（2）小题答案为A。例4 （天津市，2003）-What s the matter with you？-I caught bad cold and had to stay in bedAa, / B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the分析 本题考查冠词的用法和习惯表达。躺在床上译为stay in bed，而感冒译为catch cold或catch a cold，但cold有形容词修饰时则a不可省略。答案：选A用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填“”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. Last night I went to_ bed very late.6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live without _ water or _ air.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air.12. We were having_ lunch when they came in.13. This is _ book you gave me last week.14. What did you do _ last Saturday?15. March 8 is _ Womens Day.16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball.18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn.【数词】1数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。2序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。3分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。4Hundreds（thousands，millions）of用法。【数词】例1 1) _ books must he-produced for the children.A. Many thousands B. Many thousands ofC. Many thousand of D. Many thousand2) Weve planted _ trees in the centre of our city this year.A. hundred B. tow hundreds C. hundred of D .hundreds of分析本题考查数词的用法。当 thousand或 hundred做数词时，前面一般加数来修饰，其本身没有数的变化，且后不跟of。当它们做名词时，其复数形式为thousands和hundreds，且构成thousands of和hundreds of，后接可数名词的复数形式。答案分别为 B、D例2 About _ of the workers in the clothes factory are women. A. third fifths B. third fifth C. three fifths D. three fifth 分析 此题主要考查英语的分数表示法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词后需加“s”。例如：1/3 one third；2/3：two thirds. 通过分析A、B、D三项均错，答案为C。例3 July is _ month of the year.A. seven B. the seventh C. eight D. the eighth序数词用来表示数目的顺序，七月份是一年中的第七个月，第七个月的正确表达为the seventh month，所以此题的正确答案为B。例4 （重庆市，2003）My favourite is getting stamps. I need before I have 2500 ones.A. more one B. any more C. one more D. more than分析 此题考查数词与more相结合的用法，数词+more表示还有（要），在此正好符合题意。答案：选C解后反思 more than是“多于”之意，any more用于否定句表示“不再”。l. September is the _ month of the year.A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eleventh2. The Peoples Republic of China was founded _A. on October the first, 1949 B. in October the first ,1949/PC. on October one, 1949 D. on October first one, 19493. There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds and sixty-five B. three hundreds and fifty-sixC. three hundreds of sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty-five4. There are _ days in February.A. thirty B. thirty-one C. twenty-eight D. twenty-six5. The film begins at 4:15. The right answer of “4:15” is _A. four fifth B. fifteen four C. four fifteen D. a quarter to four6. _is seventy seven.A. forty and four B. thirty-seven and fortyC. forty or thirty-seven D.