关于英语句子成分整理.ppt

句子成分概述: 一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成 分.句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语 (Predicate)、宾语(Object)表语 (Predicative)、定语(Attribute) 、状 语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement) 和同位语(Appositive). 句子除了上述几种基本成分外, 一些 独立成分, 如插入语(Parenthesis)、 呼语(Direct Address)和感叹语 (Interjection)等. e.g. Sandy, be quick. 呼 语 Oh, my God! 感叹语 Its too expensive, I think. 插入语 1.主语语 2.(1)主语语成分 3.主语语是句子所叙述的主体, 说说明句子 讲讲的人或事物. 4.可作主语语的有: a.名词词 b. Shanghai is in the east of China. c. Tom works very hard. b.代词 I bought a new book. That is a picture of our school. Who knows the answer? c.数词 Three plus four is seven. The first is the best. d.动词不定式 To see is to believe. It is important to learn English. e.动名词短语 Smoking is harmful to the health. f.名词化的形容词或分词 The old should be respected. The disabled will receive more money. g.名词性短语 A man with a book is coming towards us. h. 主语从句 What he said is not true. (2) 形式主语 形式主语(Formal Subject)是代词it的 一种用法.当句子的主语是动词不定式 、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡, 一般用it作形式主语放在句首, 而将真 正的主语当在谓语动词之后. a.It +谓语+动词不定式短语 b. It is a good habit to do morning exercises. c. It is difficult for him to give up smoking. d.b. It +谓语+动名词短语(主要用在以 no good/use, useless, worthwhile, dangerous等词作表语 的句子中) e. It is no use learning without thinking. f. It is dangerous playing with fire. c. It +谓语+名词性从句(真正的主语是 that引导的名词性从句) It is a pity that you didnt come to the party. It is said that nobody knows where he lives. 2. 谓语 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态, 由 动词承担, 一般放在主语之后. He is a middle school student. The new term will begin on the 1st of September. His novel has been translated into English. 3. 宾语 (1)宾语成分 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果, 是动作的承受 者. 宾语常用于及物 动词之后, 称为动词宾语. 介词后面 的名词或代词, 称为介词宾语. a.名词 b. He lost his parents in his childhood. c.b.代词(人称代词用宾格) d. Everybody likes her. e.c.数词 f. -How many chairs do you want? g. -I want four. d.名词化的形容词和分词 The doctor is operating on the injured. e.动词不定式短语 Id like to have some coffee. f.动名词短语 I havent finished reading your book yet. g.名词性短语或从句 I like coffee with some sugar. I think you are right. Note: I really dont know what to do next. (2)双宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语 (Direct Object)和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指 人(一般为间接宾语), 另一个指物(一般为直接 宾语). 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前. He gave me a book. 间接宾语直接宾语 有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接宾 语后置, 并在其前加上介词to或for. He gave a book to me. He bought this book for me. 注意: 如果直接宾语是人称代词, 则间 接宾语必须后置, 并在其前加上介词to 或for. Heres your report. Dont forget to show it to your parents. (3) 复合宾语 有些及物动词, 除了接一个直接宾 语外, 还接宾语补足语(Object Complement), 用来说明宾语的动作 、状态或特征. 宾语+宾语补足语叫 做复合宾语(Complex Object). 其各 种形式如下: a.名词或代词宾格+名词 b. His father named him Johnny. c.b. 名词或代词宾格+形容词 d. Youll find our washing- powder excellent. e.c. 名词或代词宾格+介词短语 f. At last, he found him in trouble. d. 名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定 式短语 Mum asked him to buy some bread. I can see some students playing basketball. 注意:在let, make, watch, see, hear, feel 等词后, 接动词不定式作宾补, 则须省去不 定式符号to. We heard him sing in the next room. 如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动 名词短语或从句, 常用it来代替宾语, 将真 正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后, it则被称为 形式宾语(Formal Object). We found it difficult to solve this problem. 形式宾 语 宾语补足语 真正宾语 I think it necessary that we should vote on it. 形式宾语 宾语补足语 真正宾 语 4、 定语 定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或 代词. 可作定语的有: a.形容词 b. Newton is a famous scientist. c.b. 名词 d. Lets listen to the weather forecast first. c. 动名词 Our school is going to build a swimming pool. d. 分词短语或动词不定式短语 She is reading an interesting book. I have no pen to write with. e. 介词短语或副词 I havent got the solution to the problem. I used to live in the room above. f. 从句 The man who is coming toward us is my English teacher. 5、 同位语 在一个句子中, 一个名词或 代词, 或相当于名词的短语或 从句, 放在另一个名词或代词 之后, 用以说明它的性质或情 况, 被称为同位语(Appositive). 可作 同位语的通常有: a.名词 b. This is my best friend, Tom. c.b. 代词 d. We all got a surprise. e.c. 数词 f. This prize is for you two. g.d. 从句 h. I had no idea that you were here. 6、 状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或 整个句子, 说明地点、时间、原因、 目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程 度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分, 被 称为状语(Adverbial). 可充当状语的 有: a.副词 b. Who can write beautifully? c.b. 介词短语 d. Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside. e.c. 分词短语 f. Not knowing what to do, I decided to give up. d. 动词不定式短语 His mother often comes to see him. e. 名词 Please come this way. f. 从句 As soon as the teacher came in, all the students stood up. 7、 表语 表语(Predicative)是用来说明主 语的身份、特征或状态的, 一般用在 连系动词be, 或半系动词如become, look, turn, seem, appear等之后. 可 充当表语的有: a.名词 b. His father is a teacher. c.b. 代词 d. This book is mine. e.c. 形容词或分词短语 The leaves turn yellow in autumn. The teacher was satisfied with your work. The story is very interesting. d. 数词 On