外文文献及外文翻译：废纸脱墨

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文文献及外文翻译学 院 轻工学院 专 业 印刷工程 导 师 聂义然 学 生 陈 健 学 号 201110830091 2015年6月10日Waste paperWith the world environment is deteriorating day by day, peoples environmental awareness is also growing, in order to save resources and energy, reduce pollution load, reduce deforestation, Yangxi forest, waste paper recycling use has caused more and more attention. Recycled pulp, high opacity, fibrous tissue evenly, can meet the quality requirements of most of the paper, do not have to after beating can copy paper, copy paper less hairy, smooth, practical wide. Now the recycled pulp has been used for making high-grade paper. Deinking principle is the use of deinking agents reduce the surface tension of the printing ink waste paper, resulting in wetting, penetration, emulsification, dispersion, such as a variety of roles, the combined effects of the ink on paper from down. The purpose of deinking is in order to make the waste paper fiber recovery even more than the original whiteness, purification, the softness of the fibrils and other characteristics to make pulp papermaking performance is good, and achieve the required product index, ensure the quality of products. Deinking process generally for three steps: ease defibration; separate the ink from the fiber; ink is removed from the fiber suspension.1 De De methodThe conventional process of de - de - de - - - process includes the combination of flotation, washing, flotation and washing, and short - term method. Flotation method using different particles with different surface properties of the mechanism of deinking; washing method using hydraulic separation, of pulp suspensions were screened through the sieve or mesh, entrained water oil particles removed; the advantages of two methods of combination of flotation and washing method integrated flotation and washing, is now many manufacturers use; shortcut method for processing the waste paper ink content is relatively small, it is only in the pulper in deinking, ease of waste paper pulp into the pulp tank, then according to the normal process of screening, cleaning and washing. In the flotation process, the particle size of ink particles in the 20 40 m is the best; the oil particle size is smaller, and the size of less than 5 m is the best.In addition, there are many other methods of de. Enzyme and semi cellulase enzymes were used as the enzyme preparation in the enzymatic process. Foreign research shows that neutral cellulase effect than acidic conditions, soda cellulose can also obtain better whiteness, and non - contact printed wastepaper enzymatic deinking of enzyme and surfactant share, greatly improve the deinking efficiency. Waste paper and mechanical pulp mixed with pulp and paper pulp, bleaching and bleaching can reach 60%ISO. Agglomeration deinking method by agglomerating agent will be broken slurry in the process of stripping down the sheet toner poly integrated 400 m above, density larger spherical particles, then filtered purified. The ultrasonic wave method was used to carry out the ultrasonic wave of 16Hz. In addition, solvent method, steam explosion, steam explosion and magnetic de - de with.2 de agentThe chemical composition of a variety of chemicals is generally composed of a variety of chemicals. The chemical and physical functions in the process of the de - de - de - De are different, and some of the chemicals also play several roles. Therefore, the whole process of the De De is actually in a variety of de The functions of the division are to complement each other and improve each other. Such as saponification ink particles need saponification agent, dispersion agent is dispersed and free ink particles; in order to not make the ink particles re aggregation and covered on the surface of the fiber, will join the adsorbent adsorption ink particles. There is the waste paper bleaching, bleaching agent; for wetting of pigment particles, emulsion for separation and dissolution, there should be of detergent. Therefore, the formulation of the de agent should be a combination of the various functions of the waste paper, such as the production of the ink, wetting, penetration, emulsification, dispersion and so on. Surfactants used by the surfactants have anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants. Anion type deinking agent potassium soap, sulfonated oil, straight alkyl benzene sulfonate, aliphatic alcohol sodium sulfate, sulfosuccinic acid dioctyl sodium salt, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, sodium sulfate and so on. Nonionic deinking agent with alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester etc.Different types of deinking agent deinking effect are as follows: anionic surface active agent and non-ionic surface active agent were mixed deinking agents nonionic surface active deinking agent agent anionic surface active agent deinking agent traditional NaOH or NaSiO3. The chemical additives used in the flotation process are NaOH, NaSiO3, surface active agent, chelating agent, chelating agent and adsorbent.Flotation deinking should adopt foaming good, ink dispersion effect of high carbon alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, but under high alkaline condition easy degradation, decreased activity, the printing ink and impurity trapping set flocculation ability is limited. Fatty acid salt for metal ion has a good chelating ability, can be effectively captured by electrostatic attraction and flotation ink. Deinking agent get fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester and fatty acid soap mixed, with flotation and flocculation ability. Chemical additives used in the washing process are NaOH, NaSiO3, surface active agent, chelating agent, dispersing agent and anti - ink and so on. Washing method to non - ionic surface active agent, the demand of less foam. Commonly used AEO-9, OP-10, JEC, Tween-80, phosphate, etc. Domestic application of multicomponent surface active agent in waste paper for the research in many aspects, developed the XQ series deinking agent, HD series deinking agent and FCS (five element composite type deinking agent a variety of deinking agent and deinking effect is good. Washing method, the de agent can be directly added to the pulp mill. Flotation process, the de agent can be directly added to the pulp mill, also can be added in the entrance of the flotation cell.The latest research shows that from the top of the flotation tower to spray with surface active agent to establish a stable foam layer obtained higher ink removal rate, can effectively reduce or even avoid the pollution adsorption of surfactants on the fiber, while also reducing due to adsorption induced fiber and bubble surface changes of fiber loss and loss of water.As a waste paper of the de agent, should meet the following requirements:(1) to help ease and waste paper deinking, deinking does not produce after adsorption phenomenon, the separated ink particle can be removed easily.(2) reducing the amount of carbon in the paper, increasing the whiteness, and removing the carbon particles in the flotation process.(3) without affecting the yield and production of paper machine.(4) wastewater treatment.3 adhesiveStickies problems in the waste paper recycling is a very important problem, these substances are sticky, lipophilic, deformation, surface electronegativity characteristics, in the pulp and papermaking process easy to coalesce into large particles, deposited in a variety of ways in the surface of the equipment or in the paper page, obstacle problems, eventually directly or indirectly lead to decline in quality and yield of products. Adhesives are mainly derived from waste paper in the heat melt, pressure sensitive paper, coating adhesive, glue, etc. Waste paper recycling in the stickies, according to its presence in the slurry water system in form and behavior can be divided into a stickies and secondary stickies.A stickies refers to the hot melt, pressure-sensitive paper additives and secondary stickies change with external conditions of occurrence of physical and chemical changes, is more difficult to control and more serious harm than a stickies. Cationic additives added, the evaporation of moisture, air mixing, fluid shear stress, inorganic filler of the stickies particle instability, resulting in wetting and deposited on the surface of the equipment. To prevent the occurrence of adhesive material, we must first strengthen the separation of raw materials, as far as possible to avoid the problem of material mixing system. For already existing in the system of material, or the dispersion strengthening, the deposition and adsorption on the fiber with page taken out of the system, either by adding chemicals so that the setting, in screening and cleaning to remove. It is worth noting that flotation is one of the effective ways to remove the adhesive.4 waste water disposal of waste waterWaste paper deinking plant discharged wastewater containing coloured substances, heavy metals, TSS (total solids content) and may contain PCBs. Pressurized air flotation, flotation filter method can be used for waste water treatment, flotation deinking waste should be processed individually. Non deinking recycled paper mills is very easy to realize closed cycle, while deinking recycled paper mills because of adding many chemicals in the production process, are difficult to achieve closed cycle. It is feasible to design a closed cycle of de - de facilities, but the cost of the facilities is relatively high. Nano TiO2 was also used for the treatment of pulp wastewater.The nano ultrafine TiO2 under UV irradiation has very strong oxidation ability, so that the majority of organic matter degradation, nontoxic and odorless carbon dioxide generation, water and some simple inorganic compounds to the purpose of disposable degradable inorganic. Waste paper pulp and chemical composition of the chemical composition of the complex, organic matter accounts for 70% 90%, inorganic and metallic impurities of about 10% 30%. Organic matter are mainly plastics, fines, rags, cotton yarn, fast food box, waste compact disc and from the printing ink of various organic pigments, adhesives, and so on; inorganic substance is added to the paper filler, paint and pulping and papermaking process of other inorganic salts. The sludge of waste paper and papermaking process has the characteristics of high organic content, large quantity and concentration. However, the organic compounds in the process of the sludge can be easily cleaved by chemical compounds. The sludge can be treated by landfill and incineration. Landfill method is simple and easy to use, but it takes a lot of investment. Land resources, and easily lead to new environmental pollution. The low utilization rate of heat energy by burning, combustion process will produce toxic in two by the british. In the process of waste residue treatment, it can develop its use in other ways. America sludge as an ingredient to produce lightweight aggregate used in construction, the effect is good. New York Mining Technology Co., Ltd. has applied for the recovery of inorganic fillers in the residue of the paper De. The patent will residue after high temperature oxidation, adding calcium material slurry reactor, drum into carbon dioxide, can generate the PCC.5 evaluation of the effect of deThe method of general evaluation of the effect of the method of the method of the white degree method, image method, IC ER method (effective residual ink particle concentration method), etc. White degree method for the determination of two kinds of printing press paper and pulp brightness difference. Since the determination of whiteness is determined at the wavelength of 457nm, it can not only represent the influence of black ink particles on the white color, because other color quality will have a certain effect. Method for determining the dust (area) by using the method of determination of ink ion area (unit mm2/m2). But the image method is less than 8 m below the ink particles, the effect of the particles on the de only background reflection (backgroundflectance) to express.Image method is not only the ink particles, but also other types of dust. ERIC method is the effective residual ink particle concentration method. It can detect ink particle concentrations (unit mg/kg) below 1 m in diameter (). It uses near infrared wavelength (950 1000nm) to determine the absorption coefficient of the pulp, and then calculate the concentration of ink particles in the pulp. It can be more accurately measured deinked pulp in the real black ink particle concentration and is not affected by other factors, the determination was carried out in 950 nm and 1000 nm, it is not subject to the effects of deinking pulp with genistein.废纸脱墨 随着当今世界环境日趋恶化,人们的环境意识也日益增强,为了节约资源和能 源,减少污染负荷,减少森林砍伐,养息森林,废纸的回收利用已经引起了越来越高的重视。再生浆不透明度高、纤维组织均匀,能满足多数纸张的质量要求,不必经过打浆处理即可抄纸,其抄成的纸绒毛少、平整、实用性广。现在再生浆已经用于抄造高级纸张。废纸脱墨原理就是使用脱墨药剂降低废纸上的印刷油墨的表面张力,从而产生润湿、渗透、乳化、分散等多种作用,其综合效果使油墨从纸面上脱离下来。脱墨的目的是为了使废纸纤维恢复甚至超过原来的白度、净化度、原纤维的柔软性及其他特性,从而使纸浆具有好的抄造性能,并达到所要求的产品指标,保证产品品质。脱墨工艺一般分为三个步骤:疏解分离纤维;使油墨从纤维上脱离;将油墨从纤维悬浮液中除去。1 脱墨方法常规的脱墨工艺包括浮选法、洗涤法、浮选和洗涤相结合的方法以及短程法等。浮选法运用不同颗粒具有不同的表面性能的机理进行脱墨;洗涤法利用水力进行分离,通过筛板或筛网对纸浆悬浮液进行筛选,水夹带油粒而除去;浮选和洗涤相结合的方法综合浮选和洗涤两种方法的优点,现在被很多厂家采用;短程法用于处理油墨含量相对少的废纸,它只在碎浆机中脱墨,疏解好的废纸浆放入贮浆池,而后按正常流程进行筛选、净化和洗涤。对浮选法来讲,油墨颗粒的粒径在2040为最佳;对洗涤法来讲,油粒尺寸越小越好,且以小于5为最佳。除此之外,还有其它多种脱墨方法。酶脱墨法大多数使用纤维素酶和半纤维素酶作为酶制剂。国外研究表明:中性纤维素酶比酸性条件效果好,纯碱性纤维素酶也可以获得较好的白度,而非接触性印刷废纸酶法脱墨中酶与表面活性剂共用,大大提高了脱墨效率。废纸与机械浆混合磨浆脱墨法,漂后白度可达60%。附聚脱墨法用附聚剂将碎浆过程中剥离下来的片状调色剂聚集成400以上、密度较大的球形颗粒,然后筛选净化除去。超声波脱墨法利用大于16的声波进行脱墨。此外,还有溶剂法脱墨、蒸汽爆破脱墨法、蒸汽爆破与磁性脱墨配合脱墨法等。2 脱墨剂脱墨剂一般均由多种化学品组成。在脱墨过程中所起化学和物理作用各不相同，有些药剂也同时起着几种作用。因此，整个脱墨过程实际上是在多种脱墨组分的作用下，互相补充、互相完善下进行的。如皂化油墨粒子需要皂化剂；而分散剂的作用是分散和游离油墨粒子；为了不使油墨粒子重新聚集并复盖在纤维表面，就要加入吸附剂吸附油墨粒子；还有使废纸脱色的漂白剂；为润湿颜料粒子，使之乳化便于分离溶出，还应有清净剂等。因此，脱墨剂的配方应是使废纸上的油墨产生皂化、润湿、渗透、乳化、分散等多种作用的综合体。脱墨剂所使用的表面活性剂有阴离子型表面活性剂和非离子型表面活性剂。阴离子型脱墨剂有钾皂、磺化油、直链烷基苯磺酸钠、脂肪醇硫酸钠、磺基琥珀酸二辛酯钠盐、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯钠盐等。非离子型脱墨剂有烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、聚醚、聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯等。不同类型的脱墨剂脱墨效果如下:阴离子型表面活性剂和非离子型表面活性剂进行复配的脱墨剂非离子型表面活性剂脱墨剂阴离子型表面活性剂脱墨剂传统的或3。浮选法中所用的化学助剂有、3、表面活性剂、螯合剂、捕集剂和吸附剂等。浮选脱墨应采用起泡性好、油墨分散效果好的高碳醇聚氧乙烯醚,但其在高碱性条件下易降解,活性下降,对油墨及杂质的捕集絮凝能力有限。脂肪酸盐对于金属离子有很好的螯合能力,能通过静电吸引有效捕集和浮选油墨。脂肪酸聚氧乙烯酯和脂肪酸皂复配得到的脱墨剂,有强的浮选和絮凝能力。洗涤法中所用的化学助剂有、3、表面活性剂、螯合剂、分散剂和防油墨再沉积剂等。洗涤法多以非离子表面活性剂为主,要求泡沫少。常用-9、-10、-80、磷酸双酯等。国内对多组分的表面活性剂在废纸中的应用作了多方面的研究,研制出了型系列脱墨剂、型系列脱墨剂和型五元复合型脱墨剂等多种脱墨剂,且脱墨效果良好。洗涤法,脱墨剂可以直接加入碎浆机中。浮选法,脱墨剂可直接加入碎浆机中,也可在浮选槽的入口加入。最新研究表明,从浮选塔顶部以喷雾方式加入表面活性剂有利于建立稳定的泡沫层,获得更高的油墨去除率,可有效减少甚至避免表面活性剂对纤维的吸附污染,同时也减少由于吸附引起的纤维和气泡表面变化的纤维损失和水损失。