大学英语-ED分词.pptVIP

ED分词 ED分词即过去分词，具有形 容词的句法功能，在句中主 要作定语和状语，有时也作 表语、补语和独立成分等。 （一）表语 n过去分词做表语,表示主语所处的状态。作表语 的过去分词已几乎形容词化，可以被副词修饰 ，有比较形式。这类过去分词常见的有： accustomed, amazed, amused, astonished, bored, broken, closed, decided, dedicated, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discourage, distinguished, educated, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, fascinated, frightened, interested, known, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, shocked, surprised, terrified, tired, upset, worried等 E.g. nThe file is rusted. nShe is deeply read in the classics. nEinsteins theory of relativity is known all over the world. nHe felt thoroughly disappointed. 注意： 过去分词作表语时，系动词除be外，还有appear, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等 E.g. The door remained locked. The battery became exhausted after long use. 过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状 态；被动语态中的过去分词是谓语的组成部分，表 示具体的动作 We are all pleased. We are all pleased by the work done. The glass plate is broken. The glass was broken by him. （二）定语 n及物动词的过去分词作定语时，表示它所修 饰的名词是分词行为的承受者，表示被动的 行为，通常带有被动和完成意义 frozen food a finished article a moved object boiled water published writings n不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表示被动意 义，只表示完成意义，如： a retired worker= a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner= a prisoner who has escaped a faded flower= a flower that has faded 单个过去分词做定语，一般放在它所修饰的 名词之前；但有时也可放在它所修饰的名词 之后，这时强调分词的动作。如： the time given the department concerned Hydrogen is the lightest substance known. 由名词、副词或形容词和过去分词构成的复 合形容词，放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： state-owned enterprises a well-known writer a man-made satellite 过去分词短语作定语时，放在其所修饰的名 词之后，作用相当于定语从句。如： Cotton and silk blouses (which are) made in China sell well in the European market. To live in the hearts of those (which are) left behind is not to die. (T. Compbell) （三）补语 l宾语补语 l主语补语 宾语补语 l在某些表示感觉或心理状态、思维活动和 某些表示使役的动词的宾语常可用分词作 宾语补语，使意思完整。宾语与补语之间 是逻辑上的主谓关系或主系或主系表关系 。这类表示感觉、思维活动的动词常见的 有：catch, consider, describe, discover, feel, find, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, regard, see, show, smell, speak of, take, treat, understand, watch等。 l使役动词有：get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等。如： You must make yourself respected. We must get our products examined. 【注】： 在动词have或get后面用分词作宾语补语，即 “have/get sth. +分词”结构表示： （1）动作是由别人完成的 I got my watch repaired. （2）意外或不幸的遭遇 The house had their roofs ripped off by the gale. （3）wont have表示句子中主语不允许某种情况发生 I wont have my friend laughed at. 主语补语 l在分词（短语）作宾语补语的句子中，当宾 语变成主语时（句中的谓语用被动语态）， 则原来的宾语补语变成主语补语。 All the doors were found locked. They should be kept informed of the latest developments in biochemistry. （四）状语 o分词（短语）可以做状语，修饰 谓语动词，表示动作发生的时间 、原因、结果、方式、条件、让 步或伴随状况，相当于相应的状 语从句或并列分句。分词短语作 状语，可放在句首、句末或句中 ，用逗号分开。 时间状语 o通常位于句首表示分词所表示的动作一发生 ，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。如果两 个动词同时发生，多用“while或when+ 分词”结构。 sOnce installed, this heater operates automatically. sThe book when finished will contain 200 pages. sDont speak until spoken to. 原因状语 o可放在句首或句末，相当于原因状语从句。 sStunned by the news, he couldnt utter a word. sConfined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything. sThe children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. 条件状语 o可放在句首或句末。有时，分词前可加if或 unless。相当于条件状语从句。 sGiven more time, we could have done better. sDont leave the building unless instructed. sConsidered from this point of view, the question under discussion is of great importance. 结果状语 o通常位于句末。有时可在分词前加thus, therefore, only等词。 sThey went out in such bad weather, caught in the downpour half way. 让步状语 o可放在句首或句末；有时，分词前可加 although, though或whether等词。 相当于让步状语从句。 sGiven the same information, people often arrive at different conclusion. sComplicated in design, the machine is easy to manipulate. 方式状语 o通常放在句首或句末，偶尔放在句中（主语与 谓语动词之间）。有时，可在分词前加连词as if或as though。 sHe threw himself from his horse and lay still as if shot. sHeld twice a year, the Guangzhou Fair is a mirror of Chinese economy. sFrustrated, she went back to her home. 伴随情况状语 o表示伴随的情况、陪衬性的动作或补充说明 ，通常放于句末，相当于并列分句。 sHe ended his speech, cheered by the whole audience. sThe children watched the acrobatic show, fascinated. sFor many years such thought, accused of constantly, lay hidden in her bosom. 分词的独立结构 v当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则分词 可以自己带逻辑主语，用名词或代词表示，直接放 在分词之前。该名词与分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系 ，形成一个整体，叫分词的复合结构。 v这种带逻辑主语的分词结构，在句中常作状语。放 在句首，一般表示时间、原因或条件；放在句末， 一般表示附加说明或伴随、陪衬的动作。 v这种结构须用逗号隔开，具有相对的独立性，所以 也常称为分词的独立结构。 vThe question settled, they went back to their respective posts. vRobert Kincaid was perspiring mildly, his top two shirt buttons undone. vArthur gone, he would only be to make visits like other acquaintances. vThe lathe oiled and regulated, the repairman packed up their tools and went home. （原因状语） （方式或伴随情况状 语） （条件状语 ） （时间状语） v分词独立结构在句中作状语时，有时可用 介词with或without引出。 With the experiment carried out, we started new investigations. Without any grain left in the house, she had to go begging. 【注】： v在with引导的分词独立结构中，如果逻辑主语 是人称代词，要用宾语。 With him taken care of, we could go on with the work. vWith 引导的分词独立结构有时可作后置定语 。 He went into the room and saw a long wooden box with a few blankets spread over it. 关于“悬垂分词” v又叫“无依着分词”，指-ing 或-ed分词结构在句中找不到 它的逻辑主语，因而处于一种 “悬垂”状态，即“无依着”状态 “依着法则”和“悬垂分词” v当-ing或-ed分词结构在句中起关系分句 或状语分句作用时，它们都有逻辑主语 ，这种逻辑主语有时就是主句的主语。 Sitting at the back as we are, we cant hear a word. Jolted by the collision, Harry suffered a sprained back and a broken knee. v但有时，分词结构的逻辑主语并不是主句的 主语，而是主句的其它成分。 The hunter saw a huge lion drinking at the spring. Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor. 综上:分词结构通常是通过它的逻辑主语而对主 句发生依着关系，这种语法现象叫做“依着法 则”； 如果一个分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语 或者依着在不应该依着的词语上，就成了“悬 垂分词”。 Having eaten our lunch, the car pushed its way through tortuous canyon. 可接受性问题 v在一定的上下文中，如果分词的逻辑主语不 难判断，而且句子意义也不致引起误解，悬 垂分词的使用还是可以接受的 Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me v在没有上下文的情况下，倘若从该句中无法 判断出分词的逻辑主语，并因此而导致句意 含混不清，悬垂分词的使用则是完全不可接 受的 Reading the evening newspaper，a dog started barking Entering the room，nobody was found in it 即使可以正确地解释分词的逻辑主语，语言学 家们也并不鼓励人们使用悬垂分词 v在某些情况下，尤其是在报刊和科技文体中 ，悬垂分词的使用并未受到严格的限制。 1当分词的逻辑主语就是指作者或读者的I， we，you时： When inquiring about a room , it is always a good idea to ask at the beginning whether laundry and heating are included in the price(When you inquire) Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form(When we use ) 2.当分词的逻辑主语是整个主句时： Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary( It was unknown to his closest advisers that he had) 3当分词的逻辑主语是不定代词one或虚指代词it时 When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required(When one dines) Being a very cold day，we did not go to the museum yesterday(Since it was ) v有些常见的固定形式的分词短语的主语并非句子里 的主语，但由于沿用已久，早已成为常见的惯用语 。这类分词短语常用来修饰整个句子，表示说话人 对说话内容所持的态度或作出的评论。 Allowing for the train being late，we should be back by 10:30 Considering that he has been in China for only a year，he speaks Chinese well Judging from his expression，hes in a bad mood. Broadly speaking，dogs are more faithful to man than cats Generally speaking，men can run faster than women Strictly speaking，its not allowed， but we wont prevent it Speaking of firearms，the Kalashnikov has apparently undergone modifications recently Putting it mildly(To put it mildly )，you have caused us some inconvenience Simply statedhes a fool Talking of airplanes，how many do we have in our country？ v v v有些分词因为其语义和用法与介词或连接词 极为相似，很多词典实际上已把它们列为介 词和连接词了。常见的有assuming， barring，concerning，considering， excepting，given，failing，granted， granting，including，provided，providing ，regarding，seeing，supposing等。 vAssuming(If) the proposal is accepted， when are we going to get the money？ vThe whole group was at the party, barring (except) John vConcerning (With regard to) your letter ， Im pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable to us vSupposing (If) you fell in love with your boss， what would you do？ Exercises The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes. lA. having seated B. seating lC. seated D. having been seated C 表状态 vWe are going to have our of