有关虚拟语气的讲义.doc

虚拟语气 I. 最基本的结构： 1. 对现在的虚拟： 从句： Ved 或 were 或 was 主句： would/should/could/might +V Eg: If you stood on the chair, it would collapse. If I had a map, I would lend it to you. 2. 对过去的虚拟： 从句： had+Ved 主句： would/should/could/might + have + Ved Eg: If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. 3. 对将来的虚拟： 从句： were to +V should +V Ved 主句： would/should/could/might + V eg ： If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see the surface of the moon . II.省略if，或用别的单词代替了if的情况： 1. 省略if的虚拟句，这时需要把从句中的：were, had, should，提到主语前面,注意：不可将实意动词提前 eg： If I were Tom, I would refuse you.=Were I Tom, I would refuse you. ( 正确 ) If I got a book, I would lend it to you; 不可以将 if 省略，因为实意动词不可提前。因此 : Got I a book, I would lend it to you ( 错误的 ) Were I to go to the moon one day, I could see the surface of the moon. Had I helped him, he would not have made mistakes. 2 “If it be not for”此结构要用虚拟语气， 意思为：要不是 相当于but for 和without。 Eg ： If it were not for your help （ =Were it not for your help ） , we could not pass the exam now.( 对现在的虚拟 ) If it had not been for your help (=Had it not been for your help) ,we would not have passed the exam yesterday. （对过去的虚拟） 3. 含蓄条件句：常用的词有：without, but for/that, but , otherwise,或形容词比较级。 eg ： Without your help, I would not have passed the exam. I would be glad to help you, but Im busy now.( 要不是我忙 ) But that she was afraid, she would have refused you. A more careful people would not have made so many mistaken.( 如果是一个仔细的人，就不会犯这么多错误 ) III. 虚拟语气中，一些特殊的单词和句子的使用： 1. It is(about, high)time that 从句用Ved 或should +V Eg: It is high time we began to work.=It is time to began to work. It is about time that children went to school. 2. 1）would /had rather, would as soon, would sooner, would prefer 等结构用虚拟，意为：倒希望，真希望， 现在或将来，从动用：ved 过去, 从动用：had+ved Eg: Id rather you posted the letter now.( 我真希望你马上把这封信寄出 ) I would just as soon you had gone to school yesterday. （过去） I would prefer you didnt stay there to long.( 将来 ) 2）注意：would/had rather 后面有时候也可以用动词原形，表示宁愿。是情态动词，应该用陈述语气。 I would rather speak Chinese. 3). would/had/should/ rather +have + ved 此句型也可表示对过去相反情况的感叹,意思为：真该。表示本应该做某事而实际上没做 Eg: I would rather have bought the book . 我要是买了那本书就好了 I would rather not have gone to the party. 我真不该去参加哪个聚会。 3. 在in case, for fear 等引导的从句中，即用虚拟，用法是：should+ V(此时不可以省略should)；也可以不用虚拟语气，直接用陈述语气，意思都是：以免。 。 Eg: He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain. (should 不可以省略 ) He put a blanket on the baby for fear that she should catch a cold. （ should 不可省） The teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.( 用陈述语气 ) IV: wish, as if/ as though 的虚拟语气用法 wish/ as if /as though (as if/though 的从句有时候也可以用陈述语气) 基本结构： 1 从动与主动同时：从用 ved 或 were 2 从动先于主动： had+ved 3 从动晚于主动： would /should/could/might+V Eg: I wished I were a bird ten years ago.( 同时 ) How they wished it were not raining then.( 同时 ) She loves the child as if he were her own( 同时发生 ) I wish it had not rained yesterday. （从动先于主动 wish ） He talks /talked about Beijing as if he had been to Beijing （从动先于主动） I wish the rain would stop.( 从动 rain 晚于主动 wish) He looks as if he would cry. （从动 cry 晚于主动 looks 发生） It looks as if it is going to rain.( 陈述语气，表示较大的可能性 ) V. if only 与only if 的比较 1. 1) if only=how I wish,其用法与wish相同，用虚拟语气 If only he would come. If only he hadnt been to Roman. If only I were as clever as you ！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊 2). 在 if only这个短语中，中心词是 if, 而副词 only只是加强 if的语气的 ，因此， if only 仅仅是 if 的一种强化形式，不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且能表达条件。因此，它同 if 一样，也能引出条件状语从句 Eg: If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary. 如果他们现在在这里，我们就能庆祝他们的结婚纪念日了。 3). if only从句在大多数情况下用作虚拟条件句，但是偶尔也有用在真实条件句的情况 Eg: He will succeed if only he does his best. 只要他竭尽全力，他就会成功 4). if only有时也可以写成 if. only。 Eg: If she would only come! 但愿他能来 2. 1). only if是强调 if的条件。其重点在 only上，意为 “唯有 ，只有在 时才，表示唯一的条件，后面一般不用虚拟语气 ，（后面主句可以用倒装，也可以不用） Eg: Only if you study hard, you will pass the test 。 I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 我告诉他，只有努力才能成功 Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night. 只有患者情况紧急时，你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。 2） only if 有时也写成 only.if，表示唯一的条件，但是意思不变。例如 I will only come home if you come with me. （ = I will come home only if you come with me. ） 只有你跟我一起走，我才回家。 VI: 错综时间：主句和从句动作不是发生在同一时间 If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble. ( 从句表过去，主表现在 ) 练习： 1. If the sun _tomorrow, what would we do? A. will not rise B. would not rise C. did not rise D. does not rise 2. _ if you had lost your watch? A. hadnt you been upset B. wouldnt you be upset C. werent you upset D. wouldnt you have upset 3. The computer “teacher” was talking with us as though it _human teacher. A. was B. were C. had been D. be 4. Jim appeared as if she _ the secret. A. knows B. knew C. has known D. had known 5. Id just as soon_ those important papers with you. A. that you wont take B. your not taking C. please you dont take D. you didnt take 6. Peter wishes that he _ law instead of art when he was in college. A. had studied B. studied C. might study D. would study 7. When he was in college, Peter wished that he _ law instead of art. A. had studied B. studied C. might study D. would study 8. Peter wishes that he _law instead of art in the future. A. had studied B. studied C. might study D. would study 9. If only I _ how to operate the machine as you did. A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew 10. He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought_. A. was far away B. had been far away C. were far away D. went far away 11. If I had only read all the books before I _ the lecture! A. would have at