高考英语完形填空题的研究课件.ppt

高考完形填空题的研究 完形填空是我国英语测试中最常见的题 型，也是我国高考英语考试中最基本的题 型之一。由于缺乏对完形填空这种高考题 型的正确了解，不少中学生总为找不到合 适的解题方法而感到头痛不已。目前，在 学生使用的练习中有一些完形填空题过于 偏重考察学生的语法知识，这更让中学生 无所适从。那么，什么是完形填空题？它 的功能是什么？正确的解题方法又是什么 呢？ 一、完形填空的起源与运用 二、典型的完形填空题 三、完形填空法的特点与用途 四、完形填空题的解题方法 五、完形填空题的训练方法 1坚持英语课堂教学中的听说训练， 不断培养学生运用英语的交际能力 2. 通过训练学生对单句或短语篇的理解能力 来提高他们解答完形填空题的能力。 3. 中学生解答完形填空题过程中的困惑和对策 一、完形填空的起源与运用 完形填空法（the close procedure）的产生与格式塔 心理学（Gestalt psychology）有着密切的关系。格 式塔心理学特别注重作为整体的经验模式（Gestalt psychology is especially concerned with patterns of experience as wholes.）。 它强调：不能通过对各部分的分析来认识整体。 要理解整体的全部性质，就必须“自上而下”地分 析整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。 完形填空题的创始人： 威尔逊泰勒（Wilson Taylor） “完形填空并不直接涉及特定的意思。它只 是反复地从两种语言模式的相似之处取样： 一种是写的人表达自己的思想的语言模式， 另一种是反映读的人根据自己的理解作出的 猜测的语言模式。” 二、典型的完形填空题 在英语测试中，完形填空题主要用于话语 水平的阅读理解。典型的完形填空题是一 段短文，接近300个单词。第一句和最后一 句无空白。 在我国高考的英语测试中，完形填空题也 是主要用于话语水平的阅读理解。它侧重 考察学生对语篇的理解能力，很少或几乎 不直接考察学生的语法知识。 我国高考英语测试中的完形填空题也是 一篇情景独立或相对完整的短文。短文 长度约300个单词。挖空偏重于实词，每 两个空白之间的距离不少于四至五个单词。 通常每空只挖去一个单词。为了便于考生 阅读，在该短文的第一句和最后一句均不 出现空白。 三、完形填空法的特点与用途 1、完形填空法的特点： 1）用途十分广泛。完形填空法可以用于 母语教学和外语教学。 2）命题比较容易，取材极为灵活。用作 完形填空的短文材料可以取自教材、 书籍、报纸、杂志等，只要有可读性 就行。这就使得完形填空这个题型具 有丰富的内涵和题材的广泛性和灵活 性。 3）平分难度不大 虽然典型的完形填空题属于半客观题， 但高考中的完形填空题采取了限制性 的出题方式，把选项改为完全客观性 选项，使答案唯一化。 2、完形填空法的用途： 1）判断阅读教材的难易程度，以确定其 可读性； 2）评估双语流畅程度； 3）评估阅读理解能力； 4）研究上下文的制约关系； 5）评估教学效果 四、完形填空题的解题方法 完形填空题是测试话语水平的题型。根据完 形填空法的基本理论，我国在高考NMET的 测试中使用完形填空题的主要目的在于考察 考生的短文阅读理解能力。 威尔逊泰勒说：“完形填空所涉及的是一系 列与上下文相联系的空白， 而不是孤立的 空白。” 思考方法和解题方法： 1快速通读全文，从整体上来思考短文， 分析全文的基本结构和表达层次，从 而弄清文章的主要意思。 2仔细阅读短文的各个细节，努力从字 里行间找到能够利用的各种线索，作 出合理的推断，从而找出可能的正确 答案。 3我们可以用下列的思路来寻找可能 存在的线索： graphic and morphological clues （书写和形态变化线索） lexical clues（词汇线索）； syntactic clues（句法线索）； social-cultural clues（社会文化线索） contextual clues（上下文线索） 4实例分析（1）： 2002年高考英语试卷中的完形填空题是一 个完整的故事。文章的第一句最后一句没 有挖空。全文共257个单词，分为四段。 第一段：作者述说了自己的高智商； What is intelligence anyway? When I was in the army I 36. _ an intelligence test that all the soldiers took, and, against 37. _ of 100, scored 160. 本文的第一句不挖空。 36. 社会文化线索，词汇线索：receive , take an intelligence test 37. 社会文化线索：智商-160-100-平均值 received an average 第二段：作者说的是一位智商不高，但 技术精湛的汽车修理工. I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38. _ have scored more than 80. 39. _, when anything went wrong with my car I hurried to him and he always 40. _ it. 38. 上下文线索，句法线索：推测 39. 句法线索, 上下文线索：低智商与高技术 40. 社会文化线索：修理工与工作；上下文线索： always possibly Yet fixed 第三段：作者提出自己的观点：在他的工作 范围内他的能力远不如这位智商不高的汽车 修理工。 Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man 41. _ questions for some intelligence tests. By every one of them Id prove myself a 42. _. In a world where I have to work with my 43. _, Id do poorly. 41. 上下文线索：“他出题，我来做” 42. 上下文线索，社会文化线索：推理 43. 上下文线索，社会文化线索： 高智商者未必手脚都灵巧：poorly designed fool hands 第四段：作者例举事实来证明自己的观点。 这一段是全文的主体内容。 Consider my auto-repair man 44. _. He had a habit of telling 45. _. One time he said, “Doc, a deaf-and-dumb man 46. _ some nails. Having entered a store, he put two fingers together on the counter and made 47. _ movements with the other hand. 44. 上下文线索：前面已提到过一次 45. 词汇线索：动宾搭配 46. 上下文线索，社会文化线索：把钉子与锤子联系起来 47. 句法线索：把动作与钉子联系在一起 again jokes needed hammering The clerk brought him a hammer. He 48. _ his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk 49. _ him some nails. 48上下文线索：逻辑关系 49上下文线索：从下文的“挑选”可以 推测出此处的“拿来” shook brought He picked out the right size and left. Well, Doc, the 50. _ man who came in was blind. He wanted scissors. 51. _ do you suppose he asked for them?” 50句法线索，上下文线索：此处说的是 另一个人：买剪刀的盲人 51句法线索，上下文线索：前文提到 “怎样买钉子”，下文自然会说明“怎 样买剪刀” next How I lifted my right hand and made scissoring movements with my first two fingers. He burst into laughing and said, “Why, you fool, he used his 52. _ and asked for them. Ive been 53. _ that on all my customers today, but I knew 54. _ Id catch you.” 52社会文化线索：盲人能说话 53句法线索，上下文线索：try on sb. 54社会文化线索，上下文线索：讲故 事者的口气 voice trying for sure “Why is that?” I asked. “Because you are goddamned educated, Doc. I knew you couldnt be very 55. _.”And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there. 55社会文化线索：智商不高的人往往容易 说别人不聪明 短文的最后一句不挖空白 smart 4实例分析（ 2） 2005年湖南省高考英语试卷中的完形填空题 是一段往事的回忆。文章的第一句和最后一句 没有挖空。全文共310个单词。 When I was thirteen, my family moved from Boston to Tucson, Arizona. 36._ the move, my father 37._ us in the living- room on a freezing January night. My sisters and I sat around the fire, not 38._ that the universe would suddenly change its course. “In May, were 39._ to Arizona.” The words, so small, didnt seem 40._ enough to hold my new life. But the world changed and I awoke on a train moving across the country. I watched the 41. _change from green trees to flat dusty plains to high mountains as I saw strange new plants that 42. _ mysteries yet to come. Finally, we arrived and 43. _ settled into our new home. 44. _ my older sisters were sad at the loss of friends, I 45. _ explored our new surroundings. One afternoon, I was out exploring 46. _ and saw a new kind of cactus. I crouched down for a closer look. “Youd better not 47. _ that.” I turned round to see an old woman. “Are you new to this neighborhood?” I explained that I was, 48. _, to the entire state. “My name is Ina Thorne. Have you got used to life in the 49. _? It must be quite a 50. _ after living in Boston.” How could I explain how I 51. _ the desert? I couldnt seem to find the right words. “Its vastness,” she offered. “That vastness 52._ you stand on the mountains overlooking the desert-you can 53. _ how little you are in comparison with the world. 54. _, you feel that the possibilities are limitless.” When I was thirteen, my family moved from Boston to Tucson, Arizona. 36._ the move, my father 37._ us in the living- room on a freezing January night. My sisters and I sat around the fire, not 38._ that the universe would suddenly change its course. “In May, were 39._ to Arizona.” 36. A. DuringB. UntilC. UponD. Before 37. A. gatheredB. warnedC. organized D. comforted 38. A. hopingB. admitting C. realizingD. believing 39. A. goingB. movingC. drivingD. flying Before gathered realizing moving The words, so small, didnt seem 40._ enough to hold my new life. But the world changed and I awoke on a train moving across the country. I watched the 41. _change from green trees to flat dusty plains to high mountains as I saw strange new plants that 42. _ mysteries yet to come. Finally, we arrived and 43. _ settled into our new home. 40. A. goodB. simpleC. big D. proper 41. A. pictureB. groundC. scene D. area 42. A. suggestedB. solvedC. discovered D. explained 43. A. settledB. walkedC. hurried D. stepped big scene suggested settled 44. _ my older sisters were sad at the loss of friends, I 45. _ explored our new surroundings. One afternoon, I was out exploring 46. _ and saw a new kind of cactus. I crouched down for a closer look. “Youd better not 47. _ that.” I turned round to see an old woman. 44. A. IfB. After C. Once D. While 45. A. bitterlyB. easily C. proudly D. eagerly 46. A. as wellB. as usual C. right away D. on time 47. A. moveB. dig C. pull D. touch While eagerly as usual touch “Are you new to this neighborhood?” I explained that I was, 48. _, to the entire state. “My name is Ina Thorne. Have you got used to life in the 49. _? It must be quite a 50. _ after living in Boston.” How could I explain how I 51. _ the desert? I couldnt seem to find the right words. 48. A. of courseB. in fact C. after all D. at least 49. A. desertB. city C. state D. country 50. A. luckB. doubt C. shock D. danger 51. A. foundB. examined C. watched D. reached in fact desert shock found “Its vastness,” she offered. “That vastness 52._ you stand on the mountains overlooking the desert-you can 53. _ how little you are in comparison with the world. 54. _, you feel that the possibilities are limitless.” 52. A. whyB. when C. how D. where 53. A. proveB. guess C. sense D. expect 54. A. HoweverB. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile when sense Meanwhile That was it. That was the feeling Id had ever since Id first seen the mountains of my new home. Again, my 55. _ would change with just a few simple words. “Would you like to come to my home tomorrow? Someone should teach you which plant you should or shouldnt touch.” 55. A. idea B. lifeC. homeD. family life 五、完形填空题的训练方法 完形填空题是话语水平的题，主要用来考察 学生的阅读理解能力，所以我们在完形填空 题的教学过程中，应该以培养和提高他们的 英语话语水平和短文的阅读理解能力为主要 目的。同时我们还应该努力培养他们正确的 阅读习惯，使他们不断学会寻找和利用短文 中各种信息和线索来全面地思考问题，从而 培养他们解答完形填空题的能力。 1坚持英语课堂教学中的听说训练，不断 培养学生运用英语的思维能力。 例一： It takes a long time to get there by bus; but it is _ by train. A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker Teachers question: Which is faster, a bus or a train? Students answer: A train is faster. Key and reason: D, because it is common sense. （社会文化线索：逻辑关系） 例二： Although he sometimes loses his temper, his students like him for it. A. not so much B. not so little C. no moreD. no less Teachers question: Do the students like him? Students answer: Yes, they do. Key and reason: D, because of the conjunction “although”.（句法线索） 例三： -How about your job interview yesterday? -Oh, I couldnt feel _. I hardly found proper answers to most of the questions they asked. A. better B. easier C. worseD. happier Teachers question: Was his job interview successful? Students answer: No, it wasnt. Key and reason: C, because there were many questions he couldnt answer properly. （上下文线索, 社会文化线索） 2. 通过训练学生对单句或短语篇的理解能力 来提高他们解答完形填空题的能力。 例四： The WTO cannot live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. (NMET 2000) A. as long as B. while C.