(四)介词用法及其练习.ppt

1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre _ 6:30 pm at the latest. A.after B. around C. until D. by 2. They held a ceremony _ those killed in the battle. A.in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of 3. Write your name and address on your bag _ you lose it. A.in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case 4. Not all of us know the difference _ wheat, oats（燕麦） and barley（大麦）. A.among B. between C. from D. in 5. The apple trees have lots of big apples _ them. And some birds are singing _ the trees. A.in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through 6. We should divide all the potatoes _ two piles and separated the good ones _ the bad ones. A.from; by B. into; from C. into; into D. from; into 7. They said the building would be completed _ a year. A.after B. for C. in D. about 8. These boxes are too heavy for me to carry. Here, Ill give you a hand _ them. A.for B. to C. with D. by 9. That woman will quarrel _ everybody _ anything. A.about; about B. about; with C. with; about D. with; with It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. He quarrelled with her yesterday. He succeeded in passing the final exam. Im still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. 介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如 ： This machine is in good condition.(表语) Where is the key to my bike?(定语) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) She always thinks herself above others.（宾补) 介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、 代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、 短语或从句等） 构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。 介词分为： 简单介词，如at、in、for等； 合成介词，如within、inside、onto、throughout等 ； 短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、 by means of、in spite of、instead of等。 双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。 分词介词，如considering、including、 judging(from / by) 等。 核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (一 )介词 in （1） in表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季 节、周、上午/下午/晚上等一般用介词in 如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。 还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。 如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening) 注意： at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night （在夜间）。 in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“ 在以后”。 in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当 接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短 语时用in。 如： during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel （2） in表地点时，表示较大的地方，在范围内 in Nanjing、in China、in the north、in Asia 注意一些常用搭配：in the street, in fields, in the distance，in red（穿什么颜色的衣服用in）. （二） 介词 on (1)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on on June 6 在6月6号 on Christmas day在圣诞节那天 on a cold night 在一个寒冷的夜晚 on the morning of May 4,2008在2008年5月4号的早上 (2) on 表地点时，表示在上面，（有表面接触） on the desk、on the wall ,on farm,on duty(在值日 ) (三)介词at 表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper, lunch), at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。 (2) at 表地点时，常指狭窄或较小的地方（小村庄 ，小城镇） at the door(在门口)、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street(门牌号前)、 at a small town,at the foot of hill/mountain(在山脚下 ),at the speed of(以速度) 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。 如： next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般 不用介词,如some day one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before （四）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、 over、under、below。 at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面 上。 on、to、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地 ，用in; A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘 的衔接有to。如： Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外，不接壤) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之内） Hunan province lies on the south of Hubei province.(毗邻,在范围之外，但接壤) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) 地点介词的引申、比喻意义： in the sun在阳光下， in the dark(ness)在黑暗中， in the dark不知道， in freezing weather在严寒天气中， in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下, in the desert在沙漠中, in a heavy rain 在大雨中， in the snow / wind在雪/风中, in public 当众， in trouble 在困境中， get into trouble陷入困境， out of trouble摆脱困难， beyond hope绝望。 across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间 内部“穿过”。如： They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest. over / under / above / below。 over、above译作“在之上”；under、below译作“在 的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的 、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高 于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如： A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线) The window is well above the tree. （五）表示方式、手段、工具的介词 by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。 如He rent a house by the year(day,hour). (按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。 表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio), 但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop 交通工具类 by bus/train/car/taxi(road) by bike/ bicycle, on horse back/on foot by plane/ jet（喷气式飞机）/ space ship, by air by ship/boat/lifeboat, by sea/by water 另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取 道于，用方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb. s help (permission)。 表方式、手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a whip .(with+工具机器) One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”) He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词 ) 注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink, pencil)。 另外如：in high (good, low) spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in need, in debt, in love, in fun, in pain, in tears, in surprise, in good(poor)health, in good order, in flower, in a way, in a low voice, in silence, in(with)satisfaction, in a hurry, in(with)words, live/feed on food, kneel on ones knee, take(catch)sb. by surprise(出其不意) 2、介词搭配 （1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与 多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、 除去”意 义的动词与of 连用) supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（ “供给”意义的动词与with连用） make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义 与of、from、into连用） 介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用） strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与 on连用) catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by 连用) hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体 前部与in连用） prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止， 禁止”意义与from连用) persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说 服，建议”意义与into连用） buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“ 得失”意义与for连用) tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read 等“告知”意义与to连用) give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、 hand等“授予”意义与to连用） 注意：可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。 say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、 murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说 suggest sb.sth.。 同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。 for（寻找） to sth. Look to (眺望) agree with sb. at（看） on sth. of(听说) on sb.(拜访，号召 ) hear call for (需要) from(收到信) in(请) 同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。 reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和 唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有， devote to把贡献给，drink to为干杯， object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒 ，belong to属于，search for搜，ask for 寻找，use for用作，leave for前往，take for误 以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢， make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare to把 比作，send for派人去请（拿），sail for驶 向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好。 （2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。 of担心 about / at sth. afraid angry for 替而担心 with sb. for sth.渴望 different from与不同 anxious about sth. / sb担心 different to 不关心 of讨厌 with sb. tired strict from/ with因疲倦 in sth.要求严格 good for对有益 popular in some place流行在 of sb. to do so友好 for 因而流行 at (擅长于) to sb.（对某人好） with + 名词或what从句 pleased helpful to对有帮助 at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到而高兴） to sb.为人所知 known for因而出名 be familiar with熟悉 as作为出名 be familiar to为熟知（悉 ） sorry for 替后悔 disappointed at sth.失望 from缺席 rich in富有 absent in离开此地去了 worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事 高兴，far from离远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某 事感激某人，free from没有（免除），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for 准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病 （4）till、until、to的用法。 till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与 短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如： He waited for me till twelve oclock. He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to). 但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用 until。如： Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连 用时的意 义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight （从到为止），但from morning till night（从 早到晚），不能用to。from to常构成习惯搭配，不可 换用其他介词。 （A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到 处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door （家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户）， from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。 (B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。 from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（ from the beginning to the end of）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟 )，from head to foot(从头到脚), from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从 头到尾）。 （C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如 from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。 （D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地” ，要与from to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个 地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一 步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）； sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一 天地；side by side(with)(和)并肩，一起； shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。 表示“除之外”的几组常用介绍比较。 besides 除以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更 何况”。 Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都 去了电影院。 It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired. except除去，除之外（不再有）。 We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。 在否定句中，两词可以换用，如： He has no other hats except / besides this one. except for除了（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明） 后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相 同。 He was very clever except for carelessness. except that 除了一点以外。 He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. but与except but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应 注意以下三点： 前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to） but与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can do nothing but do只能做某事 can not do but do sth.不得不, can not help but do sth.不得不， but for 如不是 have nothing to do but do除了做什么没事可做 （9）between与among. between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如： Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合 作) She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. among表示三者以上之间。如： The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共 识。 London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用) （10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。 He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。 这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上 人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。 It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说 明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果 说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。 某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。 要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、 entrance、apology、introduction、road等。 要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、 expert等。 He is expert in teaching small children. 常见介词短语归纳： 1）.介词与动词搭配 arrive inat到达 ask for要，请求do well in在方面做得好 give in投降go on继续 hear from收到来信 hear of听说help sb with sth.帮助做laugh at嘲笑 learn from向学习leave for离开一地去另一地talk to与谈话 go in for从 事，致力于 put up穿上，挂上 take down拿下，取了look at（有意识地）看 speak to对某 人说 send for派人去请shout at大声叫喊，吼叫take away拿走，带走think of考虑， 关心 turn into把变成 wait for等候，等待take off脱下，起飞turn onoff打开（ 关上）listen to听 look after照顾，照看look for寻找 look like 看上去像get to 到达 point to 指着 fill with充满，装满 begin with以开始dealdo with处置，对待meet with 偶尔遇见，遭遇 pass on传递belong to属于write to写信给call on号召，访 问，邀请die of死于 depend on依靠，依赖smile at向微笑 believe in信任look out向四下看， 到处看 2）.介词与名词搭配 in time及时 in bed卧床 in life一生中 on time准时,按时 in front of在 前面 on foot步行 by bus乘公共汽车 at home在家 in English用英 语 in the middle在中间 at night在晚上 at noon在中午 at hospital在医 院 with a smile带着微笑 of course当然（可以）in a hurry匆忙，急忙 in a minute一会儿 by the way顺便说说问问 at first首先，起初 at last最后，终于 at the meeting在会上 at least至少 on ones way to 在的路上 in the sun在阳光下 in a tree在树上in surprise惊奇地 at once立刻，马上 at the foot of在脚下at all压根儿 at dinner在 吃正餐 at the table在桌子旁 at work在工作 at school在学校 at the back of在 后面 at the beginning of在开始 at the end of在结尾 at the same time同时，然而 by hand用手，手工，亲手 by the end of到 结束时 by train乘火车 day by day日复一日 one by one一个接 一个 by spaceship乘坐宇宙飞船 in a low voice大声地 in a word总 而言之，一句话 in trouble处于困境 in fact事实上 in the street在街上 in the end最后，终于 in space在空间 in no time立刻，很快 in order按顺序，整齐，正常 in order to为了，以便 in the day在白天 in line成一直线in a short while不久 in all总共，总计 in town在城里 in silence不作声 out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight消失 ，看不见 on duty值日 on the leftright在左右边 on the one hand， on the other hand一方面另一方面 on the other side of在的另一边 on top of在顶上 in the distance在远处 in public当众，公开地 out of work失业on the radio通过无线电广播 to this day直到今天 to ones surprise/joy使某人吃惊/高兴 3)介词与形容词、过去分词和动词等搭配 be born in出生于be good at擅长be made of由制成 be angry with sb. 对某人生气be angry at sth. 为某事生气 be pleased with sb. 对某人感到满意be satisfied with sth.对某事感 到满意be surprised at对感到惊奇/诧异be tired of讨厌 厌倦be interested in对感兴趣 be proud of以为自豪/骄傲be full of充满takecatch hold of抓住be sure of确信 take part in参加break into 闯入take care of照顾，关心，保管be busy with忙于 be strict with对严格要求catch up with跟上，赶上 have nothing to do with与无关go to school上学 go to bedsleep睡 觉give a lesson to给上课go to the cinema 去看电影be kind to s B.对某人友好 say hello to向问好look forward to盼望，期待keep out of不让 进入 go on strike罢工be used to习惯于 4.看似相同，但意义有别的词组 英语中有一些介词词组和动词词组，它们从形式上看 似乎基本相同，但在意义上却截然不同。要是我们在 记忆上对这类词组不加以重视，使用时就很容易望文 生义，甚至张冠李戴。为此，把这类词组归纳如下： 1）.介词词组 (1) at table在进餐at the table在桌子旁（=beside the desk） (2) at desk在读书或做作业at the desk在书桌旁 (3) at school在校上学（指学生）at the school在学校（指教 职工） (4) in front of