重庆师范大学考研真题英语专业.doc

重庆师范大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（初试）招收专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：英语语言学、文体学、英美文学、英语国家文化研究、英语教学理论及应用、现代英语研究、社会语言学、翻译理论考试科目：基础英语 科目代码：618考生不得在本试题上答题或任意涂写I. Multiple choice. (20 points)Section A: Identify one of the four choices A, B, C or D which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.1. The formulation of the writers idea took half an hour.A. exact statement B. detailed description C. general interpretation D. brief generalization2. Unable to sleep, the patient thrashed about in bed.A. twisted B. twitched C. tossed about D. tossed off3. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species prevail in the forests.A. coexist B. invade C. dominate D. gather4. The unjust peace agreement set the scene for another war.A. set off B. resulted in C. started with D. made ready for5. My chief objection to the book is that the characters are stereotyped. A. overdone B. lack in individuality C. poorly drawn D. incomplete6. He staked all his money on the result of the card game.A. bet B. put C. risk D. issued7. All his attempts to argue to save the business were futile.A. valuable B. worthwhile C. useless D. unnecessary8. When Frank had found a movie he liked, what others said cut no ice with him.A. had much effect on B. had no effect onC. made a deep impression on D. made a slight impression on9. Nothing on earth can countervail the loss of ones health.A. counterturn B. compensate for C. prevail D. counteract10. They accorded due praise to him for exceeding his fellow-workers in production.A. matched B. sublimed C. revealed D. awardedSection B (1 point each)Directions:There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.11. Good motion pictures create _ .reality.A. delusion B. allusion C. illusion D. illustration12. Civilized people ought to be able to find some ways of settling their disputes _ by fighting.A. instead B. rather C. unless D. other than13. _ , I dont know what we should have done without him.A. In principle B. in general C. In theory D. In point of fact14. The loss in that fire disaster amounts to 14 billion _ .A. in the aggregate B. all in all C. in the total D. all in one15. Being a stranger, he took his _ from the actions of the natives.A. notice B. cue C. opinion D. sign16. I cant understand the _ of anyone who would do a terrible thing like that.A. mentality B. power C. intelligence D. function17. Stronger pressures have been _ on the national character.A. at work B. affecting C. in play D. running18. A cigar-shaped body of gas was raised and eventually _ from the surface of the sun.A. descended B. abstracted C. outrun D. reflected 19. Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking _ poison - seeking truth even to death.A. strong B. dead C. dying D. lethal20. The scientists have made a new plan for widespread _ of antibiotics for non-medical use.A. exploration B. expedition C. extension D. exploitationII. Proofreading and error correction. (10 points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Example Whenart museum wants a new exhibit, 1 在When后面加an it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall. 2 去掉never When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must 3 将exhibition改为 exhibitoften build it. Good Manners, Good BusinessNobody actually wants to cause offence, but as business becomes ever more international, its increasing easy to get it wrong. There may (1). _be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behavethe same in Greece as they do in Denmark.In many European countries the handshaking is an automatic gesture. In (2). _France good manners require on arriving at a business meeting a (3). _manager shakes hands with everyone present. This can be demanding task (4). _and, in a crowded room, may require gymnastic ability if the furthest hand is (5). _to be reached.Handshaking is almost as popular as other countries including Germany, (6). _Belgium and Italy. But for Northern Europeans, such as the British and (7). _Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food, but in the (8). _way you behave as you eat. Some things are just not done. In France it is not good manners to raise trick questions of business over the main course. (9). _Business has its place: after the cheese course. Except you are prepared to eat (10). _in silence you have to talk about something something, that is, other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head. III. Reading comprehension. (30 points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet. Passage OneIn the past few years, discoveries about Mars have indicated that evidence of life will eventually be found there. But visits to the Red Planet may confound the ability to tell the true origin of Martian life. Did humans bring it, or did it arise on Mars before humans arrived?Patterns in the Martian soil suggest past water flow, and scientists are fairly certain that there are vast frozen ice caps at the planets poles. Water is, as far as scientists know, the essential ingredient for life. Astrobiologists are concerned with the origin, distribution, and destiny of life in the universe. As earthbound humans in a pre-intergalactic travel era, they must look for places on Earth having conditions similar to those existing on other planets. But thats tough on life-abundant Earth. Mars is a great place for red soil, but its not too hospitable to life.For one, Mars average temperature is -60 Celsius (C) -76 Fahrenheit (F). The atmospheric pressure is less than one-hundredth that on Earths surface, and Mars very thin atmosphere is almost entirely carbon dioxide (CO2), with a pinch of nitrogen (N) and very little water (H2O) vapor or oxygen (O2). In addition, Mars doesnt have an ozone (O3) layer and thus is bombarded by three times the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation as on Earth. This UV pounding effectively shreds any of the basic carbon-based building blocks of life, preventing their aggregation into the increasingly complex molecules associated with even such single-celled prokaryotes as bacteria.Yet, just as Earth has experienced major climatic changes through geologic time, so has Mars. At brief periods of its history, Mars has been comparatively warm and humid, and astrobiologists believe that these periods may have been conducive to life. Interestingly, scientists have found two very different earthly environments that may be analogous to Mars during a warm period and the frozen Mars of today: The hot-vent systems of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and the icy deserts of Antarctica.Yellowstones steaming vents are 90C (193F) and provide an extremely acidic environment for any life-forms hardy enough to survive there. The pH, which is 1, can dissolve metals. The primary organisms living there are a bacterium associated with diseases such as leprosy and a photosynthetic alga that is one of the most acid-tolerant organisms of its kind. The alga probably obtains energy through photosynthesis, but the bacterium may get its energy from the surrounding metal-rich environment. Astrobiologists believe that this hot-vent ecosystem may be a good model of Mars during its warmer period: acidic, metallic, and hot. In addition, these organisms fossilize, holding a hope that even if life on Mars has died out, evidence in the form of fossils might remain.But during the more-prevalent cool periods, Mars is more like the icy deserts of Antarctica, where the very salty environments, averaging about -32C (-25F), harbor a common type of Penicillium bacterium, as well as a fungus that usually thrives on insects not present in Antarcticas dry valleys. How these organisms arrived is a mystery, as is how they survive. The extreme saltiness of the environment lowers the freezing point of the water to as low as -56C (-69F), so that these organisms are in liquid water even in the extreme cold. This environment may be similar to the habitat under the Martian ice caps.Everyone must be aware of the possibility that the rovers and probes have already inadvertently brought earthly life to Mars. A scientific committee recently reported that there are some organisms capable of surviving the flight to Mars in the rovers circuitry. Once there, these organisms might even be able to survive the extreme UV pounding if concealed under as little as 1 millimeter of soil. Thus, scientists must be extremely careful both in sterilization techniques here at home and in interpretations of any signs of life found on the Red Planet.1. Which of the following shows that there may be life on Mars?A. Past water flow. B. Ozone layer.C. Atmosphere.D. Temperature.2. Which of the following is true?A. “Astrobiologists” are scientists who study life beyond Earth,B. Astrobiologists go to other planets to study life there.C. The life astrobiologists have in mind is completely different from the life we know on earth.D. Astrobiologists find the conditions on Mars conducive to life.3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. The bacterium and alga found in hot-vent Yellowstone show that there may have been life on Mars.B. The study of Yellowstone ecosystem shows that it is possible to find signs of past life on Mars.C. The Antarctic environment is similar to that under the ice caps of Mars.D. The astrobiologists study the ecosystem in Yellowstone and the Antarctica in order to learn whether it is possible to find life on Mars.4. The purpose of this article is to A. explain why we believe life can be found on Mars.B. call for people to protect the origins of life on Mars.C. show the evidence of life on Mars.D. prove the similarities between the earth and the Mars.Passage TwoSomeday someone perhaps a composer is already at work on it will write a great operatic cycle on the rise and fall of oil. In Wagners Ring it was gold that was taken from the Rhinemaidens, to the curse of all who possessed it until the commodity could be returned to the river whence it came.In the case of oil, it is “black gold” that has been wrested from the earth where it has lain for millions of years, to bring wealth and misery in equal measure upon those who find it, those who own it and those who consume it. Only when the world can move away from the corrosive and corrupting substance can society be at ease with itself.That is one narrative as the world faces the prospect that the peak of oil production is being reached and that, from now on, output will fall, prices will rocket and the industrialized and industrializing nations will find themselves in a fierce scrabble to ensure available supplies.Then there is a different narrative, in which oil has been the great liberator of the past century; the fuel that has enabled hundreds of millions of ordinary people to embrace travel and an industrializing world to gain the energy to fuel its power and drive its manufacture.Without it the citizen would have remained trapped and economies would have been unable to prosper. Look only to New Orleans, a city emptied, to see what happens when you have no electricity and no transport.And on to this narrative. Of course, there is the tale of the industry that made it happen, the global oil giants that prefigured the worldwide companies of today, the “seven sisters” (half of them, the bastard children of John D. Rockefellers dismembered Standard Oil) that controlled for so long the supply and distribution of the fuel and which gave rise, in its turn, to a countercartel of oil exporting countries in OPEC.It is no accident that Roman Abramovich, Mikhail Khodorkovsky and other Russian oligarchs have virtually all made their money out of the privatization of the Soviet hydrocarbons industry, nor that three of the top 10 companies in the world are oil giants.Oil is unique in the extent to which it relies not on manpower but on knowledge and technical investment to find it, get it out, process it and refine it. Money is what it takes to develop it, and money is what you make from it. It is also unique in the extent to which it is found not where it is needed but in the most isolated and most inhospitable parts of the world. Its not that oil, and natural gas, dont exist elsewhere. In traces and small quantities they crop up almost everywhere.But only in certain parts are the oil and gas caught in reservoirs big and porous enough to “gush” out in the volumes that make it worthwhile. These, by a quirk of fate, lie largely in the deserts of Arabia and the Middle East, and the offshore waters of the continental shelves.Oil is politics and politics is oil. For the producer it brings revenues beyond measure but few jobs and little local direct benefit a sure recipe for corruption and conspicuous government consumption. Which is exactly what has happened in Nigeria and Kuwait. To the producing country, at least, oil is a curse. Even Saudi Arabia has found its finances wrecked and its society pulled apart by it, while no one could argue that it has been the savior of either Iran or Indonesia.For the consumer, oil brings endless concerns about security of supply and foreign dependence. A sure recipe for political meddling and unholy alliances between Western states and foreign tyrants. Not for nothing has America, which once had plentiful supplies of its own and now depends on imports for half its consumption, forged special links with Saudi Arabia and other producers.Nor can oil be excluded to put it mildly from President Bushs calculations when he invaded Iraq and instructed his troops to direct themselves first to guarding the oil installations. Iraq, with the greatest untapped reserves of the Middle East, was meant to provide a new, securer source of oil for America to counterbalance an ever more volatile Saudi Arabia. Saddam Husseins greatest sin in Western eyes was to take over Kuwait and then threaten Saudi Arabias oil.And so it is that the invasion of Iraq to unseat him has helped bring about a further oil crisis, the third in 30 years in which the price of oil has doubled, strategic reserves have been broken into and oil supplies overstretched. The first crisis, in 1973, was brought about by the Arab imposition of selective cutbacks in the wake of the Arab-Israeli war. The second was caused by the fall of the Shah of Iran in 1978. The latest has been engendered by rising demand in China, falling supply because of Iraq and Hurricane Katrina, and a shortage of refining capacity. One crisis could be regarded as a warning; two as shock treatment. A third can only be viewed (by many of the experts, at least) as the beginning of the end.Is it?5.According to Paragraphs 1-7,A. a group of oil exporting countries formed OPEC to protect their legitimate rights in international oil market. B. oil has always been regarded as both a blessing and a curse.C. the “seven sisters” multinational companies monopolize the world oil market.D. Russias oil industry belongs to the state.6.Which of the following CANNOT be in the omitted part?A. Oil.B. Stone.C. Gold and silver.D. Coal.7.It can be inferred from the last paragraph but two thatA. the United States intended to control Iraq for its oil.B. Saudi Arabia has been a major supplier of oil for the United States.C. the United States wanted to replace Saudi Arabia with Iraq for oil supply.D. disagreement between Saudi Arabia and the United States was growing.8.Which of the following is NOT true according to the author?A. Oil is the real motivation behind the US attack of Iraq.B. Saddam Husseins sins are only excuses for the western nations to secure their own oil supply.C. Oil has saved Iran but brought war to Iraq.D. Many western nations have given up their moral principles in face of oil.9All the three oil crises in 30 years are NOT related toA. political changes.B. the war.C. the Middle East.D. international conflict.10.Which of the following would be the most likely ending of this article?A. But it is as well to remember that in Wagners epic the gods who had built a great new home through labor bought by the gold destroyed themselves.B. The question now is whether this third shock is a replay of 1973 or 1978 or perhaps different and more frightening than either.C. If we are to use more oil at the present rate of growth, most of it will have to come from OPEC, which may not be able or want to provide it.D. The end of the oil era is upon us.Passage ThreeIt was 2 a.m th