全国公共英语等级考试(pets)三级写作讲义.doc

pets3写作电子教材第一课时课程安排：1. 命题化作文2. 图表作文3. 信件作文任考两种，进行组合，必然有信件题。一、三个避免错误：1. 语法不能出现重大错误2. 不能有太多拼写错误3. 内容要切题评分标准：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位高分作文要有三个c1. contact 紧凑2. concise 简洁的3. concrete 具体好作文一定是结构紧凑、用词简洁、内容具体的文章。好作文有“三多”：1. 关联词多2. 动词短语多、 形容词多3. 熟练运用复杂语法较多，多出现第三人称写法.二、选题1、两个无关：1） 与现有的专业学习无关2） 与居住地域和文化品味无关2. 怎样选题和表述1）永恒话题例如：friendship and love ，environmental protection， cultural exchange，health，education.2）热点话题例如：indulgence of computer network，honesty and mutual trust，teamwork，traffic，housing.3）表述： （1）要对观点进行阐述；（2）观点对比；（3）原因解释；（4）举例说明；（5）建议措施；（6）趋势；（7）对图画图表进行描述。三、写作流程：1. 三分钟判断写作段落种类；（选出上面中三种需要的种类）2. 套写各段首句；3. 25分钟写作，长短结合，难易结合。写作策略：长句靠语法串接，短句靠关联词串接。4. 检查，三一致，两不能。人称一致、时态一致、主谓一致。人称一致：尽量用第一人称。时态一致：基本在现在时展开，写作中优选将来时，进行时，现在时，完成时。在两个地方面临过去时：描述图表的第一段时。举单例法时可将单例法变成双例法避免过去时。四、观点陈述文章写作方法1. 时间、 地点、人称具体化；2. 正反对比法it is generally believed that_. 1） 关联词短语化to begin with at the first placein addition what is more third2）动词短语化3）名词修饰化it is commonly accepted thatit is universally acknowledged that 4 ) 否定修辞therefore,it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world whitout smoking.5 ) 转折词on the contrary写单句想三步：1. 句型，时态，单复数 2.关键词 3.修饰词五、英语句型：1. there be2. 名词 + is/ are + 形容词/ 名词 （主系表） be to do be+表语从句 be+形容词+ for sb + to do sth use to be love marry murder fall in love with get along with 背单词：第一步背动词；第二步背形容词；第三步背介词短语；最后背名词。3. 主谓宾表达名词+谓语动词+名词谓语动词：动词+介词名词：前加形容词； 名词+doing/ done 名词+that+从句第二课时4. 引用when it comes to the topic of smoking (when _ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): _.在google中搜索quotationthe price of a good health is above rubies.读一些演讲词1）借文章的话发挥；2）借结构换名词；3）加强查找。六、第二段写作1. 举例2. 原因他们怎么想、怎么做、政府他们开始意识到they come to realize that _ is important / harmfulthey seldom come to realize that _ is important / harmfulthey fail to recognizegovernment make plans help them第三课时1. 举例2. 原因两方面表述观点：1）正反对比2）引用 1）人们思想意识pay attention to due attention to be awear of consequencethey seldom pay due attention to smoking.they are not fully awear of consequence of smoking.attach important todo ones best to do sth try ones best to do sth take actionsactive concrete swift action2）政府行为 make plans tailor to expensive time consuming读文章要满足kmts:key words, 关键词main ideatopic sentencestructure3）科学技术effective medicine has not been invented yet.effective drugs and dozes have not been found yet.to begin with, some smorkers dont (pay due attention to seldom come to realize that) not fully aware of the consequence of smoking, as a result, they seldom do their best to get rid of smoking.second, government does not make plans that tailor to smokers need. third, effective drugs and dozes have not been found yet.例如：1）美国人口增加2）动物数量减少3）分析动物减少原因critical reading 评判式阅读1）掌握名词具体问题2）动词逻辑问题广泛的阅读可以模仿字、结构、创意、框架。七、第三段写作建议段in order to protect non-smokers from becoming smokers, measures should be taken to reduce the appeal of smoking. 1）是否有立法的必要make laws initiate laws prise for legislation2）投资invest set aside sufficient found allocate annual budget 3）增强意识cultivate awareness enhance awareness4）采取行动第四课时八、提纲作文整体思路p182 经典例文3what is success? 提纲 1.不同的人对成功有不同的看法。（观点对应） 2.然而，我的观点是 3.为了获得成功，我们应该（建议措施） 1. show your understanding （1）it is generally believed that_. when people have _, they offer _ to others. on the contrary, when people are deprived of _, they feel _. therefore, it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world devoid of _. （2）when it comes to the topic of _(when _ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): _. this remark (statement, comment, observation) is naturally linked with (be associated with, ) a golden rule (a universal truth, a fundamental principle, a glittering rule) in an ever-changing society, that is, _2. 不同人有不同观点（观点对比）（1）when asked about an ideal place to live, the vast (overwhelming majority of/quite a few) people believe that a city may be a wise choice but other people dont think so, insisting that countryside be a comfortable and peaceful place to live in.（2）when it comes to private cars, peoples views/notions vary from one to another. some people maintain that _. although it does contain an element of truth, the opposite is probably true.（3）whenever the debate of _ is raised among the general public, some people tend to exaggerate any benefit that may arise. however, through years of practice, it turns out that this statement has many restrictions.3. reason（原因）（1）因果兼顾what has brought about this debate? personally, i believe that three primary reasons may account for this. to begin with, as a result of _, _. so _. in addition, _ in order to _, then _. finally, coupled with _ is _ that contributes to _（3）因果取舍when it comes to the issue of _, some people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _. however, it is not the primary reason at all. rather, _.4. 应该怎么做（advise suggest）（1） 建议列举 it is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. for one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, launch) strict (severe) laws to control _. for another thing, we should enhance peoples awareness that _ is vital for us. still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-_ campaign. only in this way can we have a bright future.（2） 设问what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this grave situation? all nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive projects that tailor to local situation. although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. by protection i mean up-to-date measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. by education i mean common understanding among people at all ages that _ is an indispensable part in _. many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future. 九、图表作文写作第一步，描述（describe）第二步，原因（reason）第三步，预测（predict）1. 图表种类（1）table （2）graph （3）pie chart （4）bar chartp189例题1. 描述第一句话，indicated above is a graph 第二句话抓住图表总趋势第三句话写最低点第四句话写最高点最后一句写图表的变化是什么样的第五课时 例子the graph below shows the changes of consumer price index in a certain country from the year 1929 to 1975. write a short composition of about 120 words to describe the changes and offer your own reasons for the changes. 范文this graph gives information about the changes in consumer price index from the year 1929 to 1975. after studying the information in the graph we may conclude that prices increased greatly over the time span despite fluctuations. although the consumer price index reached its bottom in 1933, the index almost tripled from 1929 to 1975, growing from 50 to 150. the most possible reason for the rise of prices was economic development. as is known by everyone, when one economy becomes prosperous, it usually needs a larger amount of circulating money. and since the overall economic development of most countries between 1929 and 1977, including the country in question, was for the better, it was understandable that more and more bank notes had been added to circulation, and this almost inevitably caused inflation, which brought about the rise in prices. 例子the bar chart below shows the tendencies of infant mortality and peoples life expectancy in a developing country. look at the graph and write a composition of about 120 words making reference to the following points.the bar chart below shows the tendencies of infant mortality and peoples life expectancy in a developing country. look at the graph and write a composition of about 120 words making reference to the following points. 1. the changing tendencies in infant mortality and life expectancy. 2. possible reasons for the changes. 范文these two graphs describe respectively the development tendency of infant mortality and life expectancy in a developing country. as is show in the graphs, there has been a marked decrease in the infant mortality rate between the year 1960 and 1990, whereas the life expectancy zoomed from 40 in the year 1960 to 90 years in 1990. in the year 1960, the infant mortality rate was about 225 in 1000, as compared to about 100 in the year 1990. there are multiple reasons for the decrease in infant mortality rate, the most important of which, i would propose, is the development of medical care for children and expecting mothers. the increase in life expectancy is due to several reasons. better chances for personal development, better education and better economic environment which the development of the country has provided are all contributing factors, in addition to the development of medicine, which greatly reduced the chances of dying from diseases.原因段的写法：1. 原因分析段落:开头方法(1) : 因果兼顾what has brought about this debate? personally, i believe that three primary reasons may account for this. to begin with, as a result of _, _. so _. in addition, _ in order to _, then _. finally, coupled with _ is _ that contributes to _开头方法(2) 无果有因there are many reasons for it, the most important of which, i would propose, is _. additionally, _ is a contributing factor accounting for _. finally, _ can be traced to _.开头方法（3）因果取舍when it comes to the issue of _, some people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _. however, it is not the primary reason at all. rather, _.whenever the debate of _ is raised, some people are prone to attribute its expansion to _. nevertheless, it is nothing more than a tip of the gigantic iceberg. as a matter of fact, _.第六课时结论段的写法：1. 结论段：用to sum up, to wit, in a word, in conclusion进行观点重述2. 预测趋势段：好趋势：on the basis of analysis, we can confidently predict that great changes have taken place in the past _ years. this tendency, i believe, will be going on in an exciting direction.不好趋势：on the basis of analysis above, it is reasonable to conclude that _ has posed tremendous threat to our life. worse still, this tendency will be going on in a disturbing direction. therefore it is high time that we took drastic actions to put it on hold. as an old saying goes, “dont fix your roof on a rainy day.”3. 建议措施段：开头方法（1） 建议列举:it is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. for one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, launch) strict (severe) laws to control _. for another thing, we should enhance peoples awareness that _ is vital for us. still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-_ campaign. only in this way can we have a bright future.开头方法（2）设问what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this grave situation? all nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive projects that tailor to local situation. although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. by protection i mean up-to-date measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. by education i mean common understanding among people at all ages that _ is an indispensable part in _. many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future.题型分类：第一段: 起始段:1. 观点对比选择题： 开头方式（1）：when asked about an ideal place to live, the vast (overwhelming majority of/quite a few) people believe that a city may be a wise choice but other people dont think so, insisting that countryside be a comfortable and peaceful place to live in.开头方式（2）when it comes to private cars, peoples views/notions vary from one to another. some people maintain that _. although it does contain an element of truth, the opposite is probably true.开头方式（3）whenever the debate of _ is raised among the general public, some people tend to exaggerate any benefit that may arise. however, through years of practice, it turns out that this statement has many restrictions.2. 第二段: 拓展段观点论证：开头方式（1）引出主题，正向复述找出利益，反义词重述找到缺陷，反问结束 it is generally believed that_. when people have _, they offer _ to others. on the contrary, when people are deprived of _, they feel _. therefore, it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world devoid of _. 开头方式(2) 引用推出观点.when it comes to the topic of _(when _ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): _. this remark (statement, comment, observation) is naturally linked with (be associated with, ) a golden rule (a universal truth, a fundamental principle, a glittering rule) in an ever-changing society, that is, _1. 原因分析段落:开头方法(1) : 因果兼顾what has brought about this debate? personally, i believe that three primary reasons may account for this. to begin with, as a result of _, _. so _. in addition, _ in order to _, then _. finally, coupled with _ is _ that contributes to _开头方法(2) 无果有因there are many reasons for it, the most important of which, i would propose, is _. additionally, _ is a contributing factor accounting for _. finally, _ can be traced to _.开头方法（3）因果取舍when it comes to the issue of _, some people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _. however, it is not the primary reason at all. rather, _.whenever the debate of _ is raised, some people are prone to attribute its expansion to _. nevertheless, it is nothing more than a tip of the gigantic iceberg. as a matter of fact, _.2. 举例说明开头方法（1）双例排比: numerous cases exist to illustrate how important _ is. when _, _. or when _, _. by doing so, _.开头方法（2）单例叙述numerous cases exist to illustrate my point, but one will suffice. when_, _. by doing so, _.as an example of the power of love, we should trace back to _ when _.numerous evidences exist, but this one will suffice.i can find no better illustration than this one_ is a case in point. 开头方法（3）夹叙夹议 naturally enough, the statement above always reminds people of a similar circumstance that is prevalent in the general republic (an ever-changing society, the contemporary society, in our ear, in our epoch), that is, when _, _. similarly, people never lack evidence when they attempt to demonstrate the power of _. when _, _.as an old saying goes, _.结论段1. 结论段：用to sum up, to wit, in a word, in conclusion进行观点重述2. 预测趋势段：好趋势：on the basis of analysis, we can confidently predict that great changes have taken place in the past _ years. this tendency, i believe, will be going on in an exciting direction.不好趋势：on the basis of analysis above, it is reasonable to conclude that _ has posed tremendous threat to our life. worse still, this tendency will be going on in a disturbing direction. therefore it is high time that we took drastic actions to put it on hold. as an old saying goes, “dont fix your roof on a rainy day.”3. 建议措施段：开头方法（1） 建议列举:it is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. for one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, launch) strict (severe) laws to control _. for another thing, we should enhance peoples awareness that _ is vital for us. still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-_ campaign. only in this way can we have a bright future.开头方法（2）设问what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this grave situation? all nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive projects that tailor to local situation. although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. by protection i mean up-to-date measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. by education i mean common understanding among people at all ages that _ is an indispensable part in _. many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future. 信件作文写作流程：开头段：1）问候收信人：dear sir/madam2） 解释写信的原因：申请：i am writing for a precious opportunity to work in your company that enjoys years of reputation邀请：i am writing to invite you to attend (take part in/participate) a dinner party (a reception/a seminar/a conference) that is to be held on august 18, 2006.感谢：i am writing to extend my heartfelt thanks (sincere gratitude) toward _.投诉：i am writing to complain about the poor service (quality) of a product that i purchased from your store two weeks ago.祝贺：i am writing to extend my sincere greetings, wishing you a happy new year, your career greater success and your family happiness.中间段：用first, second, third阐述写信的原因，提出具体的要求，具体的建议或者忠告（具体看题目来定）中间段的写作步骤1）阅读题目要求，找到可以用到的名词或动词write a letter of application according to the following situation. you saw an advertisement in this mornings newspaper. a company needs a typist and you are interested. write an application letter to that company. in your letter, provide the necessary information about yourself, tell them that you are qualified for that job.2）写作顺序：背景介绍 + 情况咨询 + 原因分析 (名词具体化, 动词寻找近义词替换)i read todays beijing youth this morning, pleased to discover that your company is looking for a typist. i wonder if you could be free to have a pleasant talk w