《神经系统调控》PPT课件.pptxVIP

运动神经调节 THE NERVE REGULATION OF MOTOR 邓石可 catalogue 神经元 结构 功能 电活动 电位产生 突触传递 神经调 控 神经通路 脊髓反射 Structure of neurons 1 细胞膜 cytomembrane 2 胞体 soma （细胞质和细胞器） 3 细胞骨架 cytoskeleton 4 突触 synapsis cytomembrane Soma 线粒体 mitochondria 内质网 endoplasmic reticulum 高尔基体 Golgi apparatus 核糖体 ribosome 溶酶体 lysosome cytoskeleton 神经元纤维 neurofibril 微管 microtubule 神经丝 neurofilament 微丝 microfilament synapse Synapse：一个神经元与另一个神经元进行信息 交流的接触点，是神经元信息交流的基本结 构。 突触传递：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapse Synapse electrical synapse Neuronal activity 1 代谢活动 Metabolic activity 2 胞浆活动 Axoplasmic activities 3 电活动 Electrical activity 4 递质释放 Neurotransmitter release Electrical activity 信息载体 脑的重要功能活动形式 Electrical activity Electrical activity Electrical activity 五种电位 1 电紧张电位 Electrotonic potential （线性关系） 2 局部反应 Local potential （电刺激+膜电位改变） 3 动作电位Action potential （介绍极化状态的改变，发放的模式表示不同的信 息） 4 突触电位 Synaptic potential 膜电位膜电位 Electrical activity Ion channels 1 Non-gate ion channels 2 gated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels Neurotransmitter Resting potential Resting potential 神经元及其他可兴奋细胞未受 刺激时存在于细胞膜内外两侧的电压差 非门控离子通道是静息电位的形成基础 Action potential 动作电位是可兴奋细胞兴奋时原有膜电位基础 上出现的跨膜电位变化 Na离子通道是动作电位的形成基础 Na离子内流的再生循环 Na离子通道的失活关闭 1 绝对不应期 absolute refractory period 2 相对不应期 relativle refractory period 3 超常期 supernormal region 4 低常期 subnormal period 特征：全或无、不衰减扩布、脉冲发放、兴奋性变化 synapsis Synaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure function Synaptic Chemical synapses structure classification Electrical synapses Gap junction Electrical synapses 介导神经元同步活动 通过相邻细胞共享电信号和化学信号，参与调节和营养神经元 参与神经胶质细胞功能调节 chemical synapse most synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system is through chemical synapse elementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynaptic elements synaptic cleft Presynaptic elements Synaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesicle synaptic cleft extracellular matrix protein cell adhesion molecular 细胞外基质蛋白粘附分子 postsynaptic elements 1 postsynaptic membrance 2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density ( 致密带） PSD The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron microscopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have been studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules. 致密带(PSD)是一种附着于突触后膜的蛋白质致密化。PSDs最初被电子显微 镜鉴定为一个在突触后神经元膜上的电子致密区域。PSD与突触前活跃区密切 相关，并确保受体接近突触前神经递质释放位点。PSDs在大脑区域的大小和组 成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神经突触上进行了大量的研究。在突触后的密度 中有数百种蛋白质，包括谷氨酸受体、支架蛋白和许多信号分子 Classification of chemical synapse Based on the part of the neuron post to the axon terminal Based on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Gray 球形 后膜较前膜厚 兴奋性突触 Gray 椭圆形 对称性 抑制性突触 Based on the neurotransmitter Principles of synaptic transmission 合成递质所需的酶首先向轴突末梢转运 在胞浆进行递质合成 递质进入突触囊泡进行储存 转运体 transporter 囊泡膜上的特殊镶嵌蛋白 经典神经递质按化学梯度和电梯度进行转运 Quantal release 量子释放 Neurotransmitters acting on synapses Conformation changes of receptors Functional changes of receptors Main types of heurobransmitter receptors 1 transmitter-gated ion channel 门控离子通道 contormabon change Ion channed open Ion flux postsynaptic potential Na cl The neurotransmitter is released and cleared 1 simple diffusion 2 reuptake into the presynaptic axon terminal transponer veloaded into synaptic vesicles enzymatically destroyed 3 uptake by glia cell 4 degradation in synaptic cleft neurotransmitter neurotransmitter: 作用于次一级神经元或效应器 细胞膜上相应的受体而发生效应的化学物质 neurotransmitter: Ach，NE，DA，Glu， GABA 神经肽 neuropeptides NO，CO The characteristic of neurotransmitter 1 神经元必须具有合成该N递质的合成酶系 2 合成的神经递质必须能被突触囊泡所储存 3 存储的神经递质以胞裂外排的方式释放，直 接外加该递质可以产生相同的突触后效应 4 释放神经递质迅速作用于突触后膜产生生物 效应 5 突触间隙的神经递质将快速失活 6 递质拟似剂和受体阻断剂能加强或阻断该递 质的突触传递效应 Neurotransmitters act on receptors High efficary Reversible Stereospecific Agonist and antagonist 运动的神经调节 1 中枢神经系统对感觉信息的兴奋与抑制 CNS can enhance or suppress sensory information 2 运动与神经活动 Motor and Nerve Activites （1 运动中神经活动的整合 integration of neuronal activity in movement （2 运动控制中反射活动的作用 The role of reflex activity in motor control 运动控制理论Theory of motion control 反射理论reflection theory 等级理论 Level of theory 运动程序理论 Theory of motion programming 系统理论 动态动作理论 sensory system 躯体感觉系统 视觉系统 听觉系统 前庭系统 感觉系统 sensory system 浅感觉 superficial sensibility 痛觉 ，温度觉，触压觉 深感觉 deep sensibility 本体感觉，位置觉，震动觉 兴奋与抑制 1 传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元 The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhibitory interneurons 2 许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围 The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons 3 触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估 外周感受器 1 muscle spindle 2 GTOs 3 joint receptor 4 skin receptor somatosensory system 肌梭muscle spindle a型纤维 型纤维 单突触脊髓反射 经皮质反射 脊髓反射 reflect 牵张反射 myotatic reflex 1 腱反射、肌紧张 2 屈反射 和 交互抑制反射 Reciprocal inhibition reflex 牵张反射环路 神经元 神经元增强a及型纤维的能力 肌梭对脊髓反射通路和长环反射同路形成起重 要作用 高尔基腱器 GTOs 抑制性去突触反射 joint receptor Ruffini 型末梢 Pacinian corpuscle帕西尼体形式末梢 Ligament receptor韧带感受器 Teleneuron 神经末梢 skin receptor The body sensation at the spinal cord level Grillner and Wallen （1985） CONTROL OF MOTONEURONE OSCILLATIONS DURING RHYTHMICITY Sensory pathway 背侧束-内侧丘系传导通路 DC-ML 前外侧系传道通路 thalamus Thalamus Thalamus and somatosensory cortex The thalamus, an undeveloped animal in the cortex, is the highest level of sensation. Animals in the cerebral cortex are the most important sensory transduction stations Damage in this area can cause serious sensory problems 丘脑及躯体感觉皮层 integration of neuronal activity sensory integration multisensory integration 兴奋与抑制 1 传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元 The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhibitory interneurons 2 许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围 The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons 3 触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估 联合皮层 association cortical motor cortex 运动区域的输入信号来自基底节，小脑和感觉区域（丘脑，s1以及顶叶感觉联合区） 锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal tract 锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal tract Evarts （1968） Georgopoulos（1982） The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a monkey related the firing rates of individual neurons to various movement parameters such as position, velocity, and force (E