英语句子成分详解.ppt

语法复习- 句子成分 Sentence components 五种基本句型概述 (1)We have been singing for two hours. (主谓) (2)Labour created man. (主谓宾) (3)This plan sounds perfect. (主系表) (4)I paid the repairman fifty dollars. ( 主谓间宾直宾) (5)We found this material satisfactory. (主谓宾宾补) 句子成分划分方法： 主语：一般由名词、代词充当 谓语：一般由动词、形容词充当 宾语：一般由名词、代词充当 4. 定语：用在主语、宾语前面，起限定作用 5. 状语：用在谓语前面，起修饰作用 6. 补语：用在谓语后面，起补充作用 （前） （中） （后） 位置 一、 主语 v主语 (Subject) 表示句子说说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句 首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装 句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动 词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、 不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主 语从句等表示。例如： 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词） （代词 ） （数词） （不定式） （动名词） （名词化的形容词） 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. （主语从句） （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （二）谓语 v谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或 具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语 ，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下 ： v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构 成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. （二）谓语 vv2 2、复合谓语：复合谓语： （1 1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. You may keep the book for two weeks. （2 2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形, ,现在分词现在分词, ,过去分词过去分词 构成。如：构成。如： Do you speak EnglishDo you speak English？ They are working in a field.They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. He has caught a bad cold. （3 3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致 。 （三）表语 v表语(Predicative) v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份， 它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及 表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours? （代词） 3.The weather has turned cold. （形容词） 4.The speech is exciting. （分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） 6.His job is to teach English. （不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football. （动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over. （副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句） 注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和 表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 ，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状 况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念， 主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表 语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out, 表达“结果是;证明是 ”，之 意，例如： The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （四）宾语 v宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者， 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （名词） （代词、动名词） （名词、数词） 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. （名词化形容词，名词） （不定式短语） （动名词短语） （宾语从句） v宾语种类： v（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如 ： He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. v（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： vThey elected him their monitor. （五）宾语补足语 v宾语补足语（Object Complement） ，用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于 宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成 复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有： tell，let，help，teach， ask，see， have，order，make等。“宾补”一般 可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分 词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： 1.His father named him Tom. 2.They painted the wall white. 3.Let the dog out. 4. We invite you to bring your family and friends on that special day. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the room in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （名词） （形容词） （副词） （不定式短语） （现在分词） （介词短语） （从句） （六）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语 (Attribute)。 v定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; England is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are ten men English teachers in our school.（名词） （形容词） 4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） 5.Our monitor is always the last to leave the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to lose weight. （介词短语） 8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句) 9.Which of the following sentences has an attributive clause? A. Michael has no idea what a remarkable woman Susan is. B. You should bring it to his attention that youre too ill to work. C. It was a question whether he should get married or not. D. We need to devise a system whereby people can liaise with each other. （七）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明 动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（ Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （副词及副词性词组） （介词短语） （不定式短语） 4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.Once you begin, you must continue. （分词短语） （名词 ） （状语从句 ） 9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （时间状语） （原因状语） （条件状语） （地点状语） （方式状语） 6. She came in with a flower in her hand. 7. In order to catch the first bus, I must get up early. 8. He was so excited that he couldnt fall asleep. 9. She works very hard though she is not clever. 10. I am taller than he is. （伴随状语） （目的状语） （结果状语） （让步状语） （比较状语） 10.Which of the following preposition phrases can function as an adverbial? A.Despite the rain, everyone enjoyed the trip. B.The man with a beard is talking to the manager. C.Every precaution was taken against the failure of the plan. D. Are you sure of Simons disappearance? （八）同位语（Appositive）对前面的 名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词 、数词、代词或从句担任，如： This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （九）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句 话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等 ，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you. 1. Which of the following reflexive pronouns(反身代词) is used as an appositive? A.He promised himself rapid progress. B.The manager herself will interview Mary. C.I have nothing to say for myself. D.They quarreled themselves red in the face. 2. All the following sentences have an appositive except A.Only one problem still remain the food. B.She bought herself a pair of new shoes.