王长喜-六级考试标准阅读60篇40.doc

第四十一篇：(Unit11,Passage1) Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountryfrom82to110millionbetween1973and1985thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyinnoblue-collarjobsThistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionofthelaborforceInmanufacturingthandevelopedcountriesnowemployinfarmingatmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymorethanonethirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesametimesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain“developed.”TheattempttopreservesuchbluecollarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemploymentThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.Wherewespokeofmechanizationafewdecadesago,wenowspeakof“robotization“or“automation.”Thisisactuallymoreachangeinterminologythanachangeinreality.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofmanhoursrequiredtoproduceamotorcarbysome80percentintwoorthreeyearsfarmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleterobotization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachinesthatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates_.A.thedegreetowhichacountrysproductionisrobotizedB.areductioninacountrysmanufacturingindustriesC.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagementD.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertremaincompetitive,oughtto_.A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforceB.preservebluecollarjobsforinternationalcompetitionC.acceleratemotorcanmanufacturinginHenryFordsstyleD.solvetheproblemofunemployment3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike_.A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomyB.anincreaseinbluecollarworkforceC.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproductionD.adropinthebluecollarjobopportunities4.Theword“prescription”in“aprescriptionforunemployment”maybetheequivalentto_A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatmentB.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomedifficultyC.somemeasurestakeninadvanceD.adevicetodire5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom_A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestmentB.anarticleonautomationC.amotor-carmagazineD.anarticleonglobaleconomy第41篇答案：AADCD 第42篇：(Unit11,Passage2)Whatdoesthefutureholdfortheproblemofhousing?Agooddealdepends,ofcourse,onthemeaningof“future”.Ifoneisthinkingintermsofsciencefictionandthespaceage,itisatleastpossibletoassumethatmanwillhavesolvedsuchtrivialandearthlyproblemsashousing.Writersofsciencefiction,fromH.G.Wellsonwards,havehadlittletosayonthesubject.Theyhaveconveyedthesuggestionthatmenwillliveingreatcomfort,witheveryconceivableapparatustomakelifesmooth,healthyandeasy,ifnothappy.Buttheyhavenotsaidwhathishousewillbemadeof.Perhapssomenewbuildingmaterial,asyetunimagined,willhavebeendiscoveredorinventedatleast.Onemaybecertainthatbricksandmortar(泥灰，灰浆)willlonghavegoneoutoffashion.Buttheproblemsofthenextgenerationortwocanmorereadilybeimagined.Scientistshavealreadypointedoutthatunlesssomethingisdoneeithertorestricttheworldsrapidgrowthinpopulationortodiscoveranddevelopnewsourcesoffood(orboth),millionsofpeoplewillbedyingofstarvationoratthebestsufferingfromunderfeedingbeforethiscenturyisout.Butnobodyhasyetworkedoutanyplanforhousingthesegrowingpopulations.Admittedlytheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworld,wherehousingcanbelightstructureorinbackwardareaswherestandardsaretraditionallylow.Buteventheminimumshelterrequiresmaterialsofsomekindandintheteeming,bulgingtownsthelow-standard“housing”offlattenedpetrolcansanddirtycanvasisfarmorewastefulofgroundspacethancanbetolerated.Sincethewar,HongKonghassufferedthekindofcrisiswhichislikelytoariseinmanyotherplacesduringthenextgeneration.Literallymillionsofrefugeesarrivedtoswellthealreadygrowingpopulationandemergencystepshadtobetakenrapidlytopreventsqualor（肮脏）anddiseaseandthespreadcrime.Thecityistacklingthesituationenergeticallyandenormousblocksoftenements（贫民住宅）arerisingatanastonishingaped.ButHongKongisonlyonesmallpartofwhatwillcertainlybecomeavastproblemandnotmerelyahousingproblem,becausewhenpopulationgrowsatthisratethereareaccompanyingproblemsofeducation,transport,hospitalservices,drainage,watersupplyandsoon.NoteveryareamaygivethesameresourcesasHongKongtodrawuponandthesearchforquickerandcheapermethodsofconstructionmustnevercease.1.Whatistheauthorsopinionofhousingproblemsinthefirstparagraph?A.Theymaybecompletelysolvedatsometimeinthefuture.B.Theyareunimportantandeasilydealtwith.C.Theywillnotbesolveduntilanewbuildingmaterialhasbeendiscovered.D.Theyhavebeendealtwithinspecificdetailinbooksdescribingthefuture.2.Thewriterissurethatinthedistantfuture_.A.bricksandmortarwillbereplacedbysomeotherbuildingmaterial.B.anewbuildingmaterialwillhavebeeninvented.C.bricksandmortarwillnotbeusedbypeoplewhowanttheirhousetobefashionable.D.anewwayofusingbricksandmortarwillhavebeendiscovered.3.Thewriterbelievesthatthebiggestproblemlikelytoconfronttheworldbeforetheendofthecentury_.A.isdifficulttoforesee.B.willbehowtofeedtheevergrowingpopulation.C.willbehowtoprovideenoughhousesinthehottestpartsoftheworld.D.isthequestionoffindingenoughgroundspace.4.Whenthewritersaysthattheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworldorinbackwardareas,heisreferringtothefactthatintheseparts_.A.standardsofbuildingarelow.B.onlyminimumshelterwillbepossible.C.thereisnotenoughgroundspace.D.thepopulationgrowthwillbethegreatest.5.WhichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizesParagraph3?A.HongKonghasfacedaseriouscrisiscausedbymillionsofrefugees.B.HongKonghassuccessfullydealtwiththeemergencycausedbymillionsofrefugees.C.HongKongscrisiswasnotonlyamatterofhousingbutincludedanumberofotherproblemsofpopulationgrowth.D.ManypartsoftheworldmayhavetofacethekindofproblemsencounteredbyHongKongandmayfinditmuchhardertodealwiththem.第四十二篇答案：AABDD第四十三篇：(Unit11,Passage3) Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft,”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacityofsampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearthssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedformthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,orevenifearthsgeologicalhistory,caeasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderforhardnessandasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatwelearntthingsastheywerelongage,arelimitedintheextreme.Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandinsecure.1.Theword“paradox”(Line1,Para.1)means“_”.A.implicationB.contradictionC.interpretationD.confusion2.Accrodingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because_.A.areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciencesB.ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanthatofsocialsystemsC.ourunderstandingofthesocialsystemsisapproximatelycorrectD.wearebetterabletoinvestigatesocialphenomenathanphysicalphenomena3.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause_.A.itisnotbasedonpersonalexperienceB.newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciencesC.itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdataD.therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable4.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause_.A.contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetimeB.newinformationisconstantlycominginC.thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredictD.ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate5.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedonaboutanysocialsystembecause_.A.theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevariedB.ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecureC.onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobservedD.fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy第43篇答案：ACDAD 第44篇：(Unit11,Passage4)Thepromiseoffindinglong-termtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemofworldfoodshortagesseemsdifficulttofulfill.Manyinnovationsthatwereonceheavilysupportedandpublicizedhavesincefallenbythewayside.Theproposalsthemselvesweretechnicallyfeasible,buttheyprovedtobeeconomicallyunviableandtoyieldfoodproductsculturallyunacceptabletotheirconsumers.Onecharacteristiccommontounsuccessfulfoodinnovationshasbeenthat,evenwithextensivegovernmentsupport,theyoftenhavenotbeentechnologicallyadaptedorculturallyacceptabletothepeopleforwhomtheyhadbeendeveloped.Asuccessfulnewtechnology,therefore,mustfittheentiresocialculturalsysteminwhichitistofindaplace.Securityofcropyield,practicalityofstorage,andcostsaremuchmoresignificantthanpreviouslybeenrealizedbytheadvocatesofnewtechnologies.Theadoptionofnewfoodtechnologiesdependsonmorethanthesetechnicalandculturalconsiderations;economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesalsostronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.EconomistsintheAnglo-Americantraditionhavetakentheleadininvestigatingtheeconomicsoftechnologicalinnovation.Althoughtheyexaggerateinclaimingthatprofitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnicalchangetheycompletelydisregardthesubstantialeffectsofculturetheyarecorrectinstressingtheimportanceofprofits.Mosttechnologicalinnovationsinagriculturecanbefullyusedonlybylargelandownersandareonlyadoptediftheseprofit-orientedbusinesspeoplebelievethattheinnovationwillincreasetheirincomes.Thus,innovationsthatcarryhighrewardsforbigagribusinessgroupswillbeadoptedeveniftheyharmsegmentsofthepopulationandreducetheavailabilityoffoodinacountry.Further,shouldanewtechnologypromisetoaltersubstantiallytheprofitsandlossesassociatedwithanyproductionsystem,thosewitheconomicpowerwillstrivetomaintainandimprovetheirownpositions.Therefore,althoughtechnicaladvancesinfoodproductionandprocessingwillperhapsbeneededtoensurefoodavailability,meetingfoodneedswilldependmuchmoreonequalizingeconomicpoweramongthevarioussegmentsofthepopulationswithinthedevelopingcountriesthemselves.1.Thepassagementionsallofthefollowingasfactorsimportanttothesuccessofanewfoodcropexceptthe_.A.practicalityofstorageofthecrop.B.securityofthecropyield.C.qualityofthecropsprotein.D.culturalacceptabilityofthecrop.2.Theauthorsuggeststhat,inmostemergingcountries,extensivegovernmentinterventionaccompanyingtheintroductionofafoodinnovationwill_.A.usuallybesufficienttoguaranteethefinancialsuccessoftheinnovation.B.benecessarytoensurethatthebenefitsoftheinnovationwillbespreadthroughoutthesociety.C.normallyoccuronlywhentheinnovationfavorslargelandowners.D.generallycostthecountrymorethanwillbeearnedbytheinnovation.3.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?A.Toomuchpublicitycanharmthechancesforthesuccessofanewfoodinnovation.B.Innovationsthatproduceculturallyacceptablecropswillgenerallybesuccessful.C.Afood-productinnovationcanbetechnicallyfeasibleandstillnotbeeconomicallyviable.D.Itisdifficulttodecidewhetherafood-productinnovationhasactuallybeenasuccess.4.Theauthorprovidesasustainedargumenttoupholdwhichofthefollowingassertions?A.Profitabilityisneithernecessarynorsufficientforanewtechnologytobeadopted.B.Profitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnologicalchange.C.Economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesstronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.D.Innovationscarryinghighrewardsforbigagribusinessgroupsharmthepoor.5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistodiscussthe_.A.meansofassessingtheextentoftheworldfoodshortage.B.difficultiesofapplyingtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemoffoodshortages.C.costsofintroducinganewfoodtechnologyintoadevelopingcountry.D.natureofthenewtechnologicalinnovationsintheareaoffoodproduction.第四十四篇答案：CBCCB第四十五篇：(Unit12,Passage1) Whatmostpeopledontrealizeisthatwealthisntthesameasincome.Ifyoumake$1millionayearandspend$1million,yourenotgettingwealthier,yourejustlivinghigh.Wealthiswhatyouaccumulate,notwhatyouspend.Themostsuccessfulaccumulatorsofwealthspendfarlessthantheycanaffordonhouses,cars,vacationsandentertainment.Why?Becausethesethingsofferlittleornoreturn.Thewealthywouldratherputtheirmoneyintoinvestmentsortheirbusinesses.Itsanattitude.Millionairesunderstandthatwhenyoubuyaluxuryhouse,youbuyaluxurylifestyletoo.Yourpropertytaxesskyrocket,alongwiththecostofutilitiesandinsurance,andthepricesofnearbyservices,suchasgrocerystores,tendtobehigher.Therichmansattitudecanalsobeseeninhiscar.Manydriveoldunpretentioussedans.SamWalton,billionairefounderoftheWalMartStore,Inc.,droveapickuptruck.Mostmillionairesmeasuresuccessbynetworth,notincome.Insteadoftakingtheirmoneyhome,theyplowasmuchastheycanintotheirbusinesses,stockportfoliosandotherassets.Why?Becausethegovernmentdoesnttaxwealth;ittaxesincomeyoubringhomeforconsumption,themorethegovernmenttaxes.Thepersonwhopilesupnetworthfastesttendstoputeverydollarhecanintoinvestments,notconsumption.Allthewhile,ofcourse,hesreinvestinghisearningsfrominvestmentsandwatchinghisnetworthsoar.Thatstheattitudeaswell.Thebestwealth-builderspaycarefulattentiontotheirmoneyandseekprofe