计算机导论相关内容.doc

重点关注下列关键词及其相关概念：/748倾情奉献Bit and Bit Patterns； p20 位和位模式 Inside todays computers information in encoded as patterns of 0s and 1s.These are called bits(short for binary digits).在今天的计算机中，信息是以0和1的模式编码的。这些数字称为位(bit,binary digits的缩写)。 Main Memory and mass storage ；p27&p30 主存储器(内存)和大容量存储For the purpose of storing data,a computer contains a large collection of circuits(such as flip-flops),each capable of storing a single bit.This bit reservoir is known as the machines main memory.为了存储数据，计算机包含大量的电路（如触发器），每一个电路能够存储单独的一个位。这种位存储器被称为计算机的主存储器（main memory）。Due to the volatility and limited size of a computers main memory,most computers have additional memory devices called mass storage(or secondary storage)systems,Including magnetic disks,CDs,DVDs,magnetic tapes,and flash drives.由于计算机主存储器的不稳定性和容量的限制，大多数计算机都有称为海量存储系统（mass storage）或者成为辅助存储器的附加存储设备，包括磁盘、CD、DVD、磁带、闪存驱动器。 Flip-flop and gate；p21&p23 触发器和门A flip-flop is a circuit that produces an output value of 0 or 1,which remains constant until a temporary pulse from another circuit causes it to shift to the other value.触发器（flip-flop）是一个可以产生0或1输出值的电路，它的值会一直保持不变，除非其他电路过来的临时脉冲使其改变成另一个值。A device that produces the output of a Boolean operation when given the operations input values is called a gate. 门（gate）指的是一种设备，给出一种布尔运算输入值时，可以得出该布尔运算的输出值。Program counter and register； p90&p80 程序计数器和寄存器For temporary storage of information,the CPU contains cells,or registers,that are conceptually similar to main memory cells.为了临时存储信息，CPU包含类似主存储单元的单元，或称为寄存器（register）。Within the control unit inside the CPU are two special purpose registers:the instruction register and the program counter.The instruction register is used to hold the instruction being executed.The program counter contains the address of the next instruction to be executed,thereby serving as the machines way of keeping track of where it is in the program.在CPU内部的控制单元中有两个专用寄存器：指令寄存器和程序计数器。指令寄存器用于存储正在执行的指令，程序计数器包含下一个待执行指令的地址，用于以机器方式跟踪程序执行到什么地方。. bus and register； p80 总线和寄存器 For the purpose of transferring bit patterns,a machines CPU and main memory are connected by a collection of wires called a bus.为了传输位模式，计算机CPU和主存储器通过一组称为总线（bus）的线路进行连接。Stored-program concept； p82 存储程序概念The idea of storing a computers program in its main memory is called stored-program concept.将计算机程序存储在主存储器中的思想称为存储程序概念（stored-program concept）Op-code and operand； p85 操作代码和操作数 The encoded version of a machine instruction consists of two parts,the op-code(short for operation code)field and the operand field. 机器指令编码形式包括两部分：操作码（operation code,缩写为op-code）字段和操作数（operand）字段。 Batch and Interactive processing；p120&p122 批量和交互处理Batch processingthe execution of jobs by collecting them in a single batch,then executing them without further interaction with the user.批量处理-若干个要执行的作业收集到一个批次中，然后执行而无需与用户发生进一步的交互。New operating systems were developed that allowed a program being executed to carry on a dialogue with the user through remote terminals-a feature known as interactive processing.新的操作系统被开发出来，它们允许执行一个程序来实现通过远程终端与用户对话-这种特性称为交互式处理.Application software and System software； p124 应用软件和系统软件 Application software consists of the programs for performing tasks particular to eh machines utilization.应用软件是由一些完成计算机的特定任务的程序组成的。In contrast to application software,system software performs those tasks that are common to computer systems in general.Within the class of system software are two categories:one is the operating system itself and the other consists of software units collectively known as utility software.相对于应用软件而言，系统软件完成一般的计算机系统都需要完成的任务。系统软件又可分两类，一类是操作系统本身，另一类是统称为实用软件（utility software）的软件单元。 Process and program；p131 进程和程序One of the most fundamental concepts of modern operating systems is the distinction between a program and the activity of executing a program.Program is a static set of directions.Process is a dynamic activity whose properties change as time progresses.现代操作系统的一个最基本的概念就是程序与执行该程序的行为区别开来。程序是一组静态的指示。进程是一动态的行为，其属性会随着时间的推进而改变。 Internet and internet；p157&153 因特网和互联网 The networks must be connected in a manner that builds as a network of networks,known as an internet,in which the original networks maintain their individuality and continue to function as independent networks.Internet refers to a particular,worldwide internet.网络必须按建立一个网络的网络（称为互联网（internet）方式连接。在这个网络中，原始的网络仍然保持其独立性，并且继续作为单独的网络运行。因特网，指的是一种独特的、世界范围的互联网。 Switch and Router； p152&153 交换机和路由器A switch is essentially a bridge with multiple connections,allowing it to connect several buses rather than just two.The connection between two networks to form an internet is handled by a machine known as a router.交换机（switch）本质上就是具有多链接的网桥，可以连接若干条总线，不止两条。将两个网络连接形成互联网的设备是路由器（router）。Network and link layer； p148&175 网络和链路层The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks,in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine.人们对不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需求产生了相互连接的计算机系统，它被称为网络（network）。计算机通过网络连接在一起，数据可以从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机。Internet software has four layers-the application layer,the transport layer,the network layer,and the link layer. All layers are present on each computer in the Internet.A message typically originates in the application layer.From there it is passed down through the transport and network layers as it is prepared for transmission,and finally it is transmitted by the link layer.The message is received by the link layer at the destination and passed back up the hierarchy until it is delivered to the application layer at the messages destination. 因特网上的软件有四层-应用层（application layer）、传输层（transport layer）、网络层（network layer）、链路层（link layer）。 因特网上的每台计算机都包含这四层。通常，由应用层产生一个报文，当这个报文准备发送时，从应用层向下传递，经由传输层和网络层，最后传递到链路层进行传输。目的地的链路层接收这条报文，沿逆向分层结构向上传递，直到把它交给目的地的应用层。 ACM and IEEE； 美国计算机协会 美国电气及电子工程师协会 Association for Computing Machinery ACM 美国计算机协会Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE 美国电气及电子工程师协会 HTML and XML；p167&171 超文本标记语言和可扩展标记语言Hypertext Markup Language HTML 超文本标记语言A Hypertext document contains special symbols,called tags,that describe how the document should appear on a display screen,what multimedia resources(such as images)should accompany the document,and which items within the document are linked to other documents.This system of tags is known as Hypertext Markup Language.超文本文档包含称为标记（tag）的专用符号，用于表示该文档应该如何呈现在显示器上和该文档还需要什么多媒体资源（如图像），以及该文档的哪些项链接到其他文档上。这个标记的系统成为超文本标记语言（HTML）。eXtensible Markup Language XML 可扩展标记语言The eXtensible Markup Language(XML)is a standardized style for designing notational systems for representing data as text files.可扩展标记语言（eXtensible Markup Language）是一种标准化的文体，用于设计将数据表示为文本文件的符号系统Ethernet and firewall； p154&p182 以太网和防火墙Ethernet is a set of standards for implementing a LAN with a bus topology.以太网是一组标准，用于实现利用总线拓扑结构的局域网。Firewall is a program to filter traffic passing through a point in the network.防火墙是一个用来过滤穿过网络某一重要结点的通信流的程序。Iterative and Recursive structure； p213&224 迭代和递归结构 Iterative structure is a structure which its a collection of instructions is repeated in a looping manner.迭代结构，在这种结构中，一组指令以循环方式重复执行。Recursive structure involves repeating the set of instructions as a subtask of itself to implement the repetition of activities.递归结构通过将指令集作为自身的一个子任务重复调用来运行以实现重复活动。Algorithms and Pseudocode；p196&202 算法和伪代码Algorithm is a set of ordered,unambiguous,executable and terminating steps used to solve certain problems.算法是在有限步骤内求解某一问题所使用的一组有序的、可执行可终止的定义明确的规则.A peudocode is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally during the algorithm development process.伪代码是一种在算法开发过程中非正式地表达思想的符号系统。Sequential search algorithm and Binary search； p215&p224 顺序搜索和二分搜索A algorithm considers the entries in the sequential order in which they occur in the list is called the sequential search algorithm.按照表项在表中的出现顺序进行查找的算法就叫做顺序搜索算法。A algorithm repeatedly divides the list in question into two smaller pieces in such a way that the remaining search can be restricted to only one of these pieces is called binary search algorithm.重复地将所考虑的列表分成两个较小的块，并将后续的查找严格限制在其中一个块中的算法称为二分搜索。Imperative and Declarative paradigm；p257 命令型范型和说明性范型The imperative paradigm, also known as the procedural paradigm,represents the traditional approach to the programming process.As the name suggests,the imperative paradigm defines the programming process to be the development of a sequence of commands that,when followed,manilpulate data to produce the desired result.命令型范型，也叫过程范型，它代表了程序设计过程的传统方法。正如它的名字暗示的那样，命令型范型定义程序设计过程是开发一个命令序列，遵照这个序列，对数据进行操作以产生所期望的结果。In contrast to the imperative paradigm is the declarative paradigm,which asks a programmer to describe the problem to be solved rather than an algorithm to be followed.More precisely,a declarative programming system applies a preestablished general-purpose problem-solving algorithm to solve problems presented to it.与命令型范型相对的是说明性范型，它要求程序员描述要解决的问题，而不是解决该问题的算法。更准确的说，一个说明性程序设计系统应用一个预先设定的通用的解决问题的算法来解决面临的问题。 Assembly and Machine language；p253 汇编语言和机器语言A mnemonic system for representing programs is collectively called an assembly language. 表示程序的助记符系统一起称为汇编语言。To apply the stored-program concept,CPUs are designed to recognize instructions encoded as bit patterns.This collection of instructions along with the encoding system is called the machine language.为了应用存储程序概念，CPU被设计成可以识别二进制模式编码的指令。这组指令以及编码系统统称为机器语言。 global and local variables； p273 整体和局部变量As a general rule,a variable declared within a procedure is a local variable,meaning that it can be referenced only within that procedure.一般来说，在过程中声明的变量称为局部变量，意味着它只能在这个过程的内部使用。Variables whose scopes are not restricted to a particular part of a program are called globle variables. 没有限制在程序中某个特定部分使用的变量称为全局变量。 Incremental model and Waterfall model; p319 增量模型和瀑布模型The entire analysis of the system be completed before beginning the design and ,likewise,that the design be completed before beginning implementation.The result was a development process now referred to as the waterfall model.在设计之前必须先完成对整个系统的分析；同样，设计完成后再开始实现。结果产生了现在称为瀑布模型的一个软件开发过程。The desired software system is constructed in incrementsthe first being a simplified version of the final product with limited functionality.Once the version has been tested and perhaps evaluated by the future user,more features are added and tested in an incremental manner until the system is complete.This kind of model is called incremental model.所需的软件系统以一种渐进的模式来构建，即软件产品先是以功能有限的简化版本出现，一旦这个版本的系统通过测试或经过未来用户的评估，更多的功能就以递增的方式加到系统中，然后再测试，知道整个系统全部完成。这样一种模型就称为增量模型。Data-flow and Entity-Relationship diagram； p329 数据流图和实体-联系图 A data-flow diagram is a means of representing the information gained from suchdata-flow studies.数据流图是表示从数据流分析过程中所获得的信息的一种方法。Entity-relationship diagram is a pictorial representation of the items of information(entities)within the system and the relationships between these pieces of information.实体-联系图是系统中的信息项（实体）以及这些信息项之间的关系的图形表示。glass-box testing and black-box testing； p337 白盒测试和黑箱测试 Glass-box testing means that the software tester is aware of the interior structure of the software and uses this knowledge when designing the test.白盒测试意味着软件测试人员要了解软件的内部结构，在设计测试的是偶要利用到这些知识。Black-box testing refers to tests that do not rely on knowledge of the softwares interior composition.In short,black-box testing is performed from the users point of view.黑盒测试并不依赖于对软件内部构成的了解。简而言之，黑河测试是从用户的角度来完成的。Coupling and cohesion； p324&326 耦合和内聚A goal when designing a modular system should be to maximize independence among modules or,in other words,to minimize the linkage between modules(known as intermodule coupling).当设计一个模块化系统的时候，其目标就应该是做到模块之间的最大独立性，或者说，就是是模块之间的联系尽可能少。这种联系称为模块之间的耦合。Just as important as minimize the coupling between modules is maximizing the internal binding within each module.The term cohesion refers to this internal binding or ,in other words.the degree of relatedness of a modules internal parts.正如模块间的耦合应最小化，同样重要的是，每个模块的内部绑定程度应该最大化。术语内聚就用来表示这种内部绑定，或者说，模块内部各部分的关联程度。 Stack and Queue； p350 堆栈和队列 A stack is a list in which entries are removed and inserted only at the head.堆栈是这样的一种表，该表的项职能在表头进行添加和删除。A queue is a list in which entries are removed only at the head and new entries are inserted only at the tail.队列是这样一种表，其表项只能从表头删除，新表象只能从表尾增加。LIFO and FIFO storage structure; p351 后进先出和先进先出存储结构last-in,first-out. LIFO stackfirst-in,first-out FIFO queue File and Database; p392 文件夹和数据库 The term database refers to a collection of data that is multidimensional in the sense that internal links between its entries make the information accessible from a variety of perspectives.术语数据库是指一种多维的数据集合，之所以说是多维的，是因为在这种集合中，通过数据项间的内部链接，信息可以从不同的角度来获取。Relational and Object-oriented database model； p397&408关系型数据库模型和面向对象数据库模型Relational database model portrays data as being stored in rectangular tables,called relations,which are similar to the format in which information is displayed by spreadsheet programs.关系型数据库模型描绘的是，用矩形表格存放数据，称之为关系，着类似于电子指标程序显示信息的格式。Another database model is based on the object-oriented paradigm.This approach leads to an object-oriented