英语各种主义集合及名词解释.doc

5Abrahamism？ the monotheistic Abrahamic religions, considered collectively.Agnosticism1.The view that absolute truth or ultimate certainty is unattainable, especially regarding knowledge not based on experience or perceivable phenomena.2.The view that the existence of God or of all deities is unknown, unknowable, unproven, or unprovable.3.Doubt, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding the existence of a god or gods.4.(by extension) Doubt, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding any subject of dispute. Atomism1.(philosophy) The ancient Greek theory that all matter is composed of very small indestructible and indivisible particles.2.(philosophy) The doctrine that society arises from individuals and that larger structures are unimportant.BuddhismThe religion and philosophy founded by the Nepalese teacher Gautama Buddha.Communism1The ideology of political parties that use the term Communist in their names, usually Marxist and Leninist.2The socio-economic system based on such parties ideologies.3(US, informal) A state of affairs perceived as oppressive, overly arbitrary, or totalitarian. CartesianismCartesianism is the name given to the philosophical doctrine (or school) of Ren Descartes.Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body.In general, Cartesian thought divides the world into three areas of existence:that inhabited by the physical body (matter),that inhabited by the mind, andthat inhabited by God.ConservatismConservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to the way things were.”CosmopolitanismCosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite.Creationism Creationism is the belief that the Universe and Life originate from specific acts of divine creation.CatholicismCatholicism is used as a broad term for describing specific traditions in the Christian churches in theology, doctrine, liturgy, ethics, and spirituality.DarwinismDarwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.Dialectic Dialectic (also dialectics and the dialectical method), from Ancient Greek , is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to European and Indian philosophy since antiquity.DualismDualism (from the Latin word duo meaning two)1 denotes the state of two parts. The term dualism was originally coined to denote co-eternal binary opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been more generalized in other usages to indicate a system which contains two essential parts.Dogmatism？DeconstructionDeconstruction (French: dconstruction) is a form of philosophical and literary analysis derived principally from Jacques Derridas 1967 work Of Grammatology.ExistentialismExistentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,234 shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subjectnot merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements.EgoismEthical egoism is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in ones self-interest.EgotismEgotism is the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself, and generally features an inflated opinion of ones personal features and importance. It often includes intellectual, physical, social and other over estimations.ExpressionismExpressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. EpicureanismEpicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. EsotericismEsotericism (or esoterism) signifies the holding of esoteric opinions or beliefs,1 that is, ideas preserved or understood by a small group of those specially initiated, or of rare or unusual interest.EgalitarianismEgalitarianism (from French gal, meaning equal)or, rarely, equalitarianism12 or equalism3is a trend of thought that favors equality for all people.4 Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Empiricism Empiricism is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory experience, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions;2 empiricists may argue however that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sense experiences.FeudalismFeudalism is a grouping of legal and military customs, prevalent in medieval Europe, which flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, or any similar grouping of legal and military customs. Simply defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.FeminismFeminism is a collection of movements and ideologies which share a common stated aim: to define, establish, and defend equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women.GlobalismThe concept of globalism now is most commonly used to refer to different ideologies of globalization.Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.HedonismHedonism is a school of thought that argues that pleasure is the primary or most important intrinsic good.1 In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure minus pain).HumanismHumanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). Individualism /collectivismIndividualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.Idonlism？ImpressionismImpressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Zionizsm犹太复国主义Zionism is a nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel, also referred to as Palestine.IntuitionismIn the philosophy of mathematics, intuitionism, or neointuitionism (opposed to preintuitionism), is an approach where mathematics is considered to be purely the result of the constructive mental activity of humans rather than the discovery of fundamental principles claimed to exist in an objective reality. Masochism？MonismMonism is the philosophical view that a variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance.1 The wide definition states that all existing things go back to a source which is distinct from them (e.g. in Neoplatonism everything is derived from The One).MysticismMysticism is a constellation of distinctive practices, discourses, texts, institutions, traditions, and experiences aimed at human transformation, variously defined in different traditions.MaterialismMaterialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are the result of material interactions.NaturalismNaturalism (philosophy) is any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural are either false or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses.Nationalism Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, ones nation.NihilismNihilism is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the negation of one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life.OptimismOptimism is a mental attitude or world view that interprets situations and events as being best (optimized), so that in some way that may not be fully comprehended the present moment is in an optimum state.PopulismPopulism is a political doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions (such as hopes and fears) of the general people, especially contrasting those interests with the interests of the elite.PositivismPositivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge,1 and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.PacifismPacifism is opposition to war and violence.Protestantism Protestantism is the form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,a a movement against what the Protestants considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.PuritanismThe Puritans were a group of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritans thought that the English Reformation had not gone far enough. They also did not agree with some of the things the Church of England did.PessimismPessimism is a state of mind in which one anticipates undesirable outcomes or believes that the evil or hardships in life outweigh the good or luxuries.PlatonismPlatonism, rendered as a proper noun, is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it.PragmatismPragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870.1 Pragmatism is a rejection of the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality.ProgressivismProgressivism is a broad philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition. PrimitivismPrimitivism is a Western art movement that borrows visual forms from non-Western or prehistoric peoples, such as Paul Gauguins inclusion of Tahitian motifs in paintings and ceramics. Racism Racism consists of both prejudice and discrimination based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. RationalismIn epistemology, rationalism is the view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge1 or any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification.RomanticismRomanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. SolipsismSolipsism is the philosophical idea that only ones own mind is sure to exist. StoicismStoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from e