不定词的各种形式.doc

不定詞 不定詞的各種形式A seem to不定詞/ appear to不定詞1. The presidents son-in-law seems to get involved in the insider trading scandal. (總統女婿似乎和內線交易醜聞脫不了關係。)2. Premier Su appeared to frown upon the ministers remarks. (蘇院長似乎不認同該部長的發言。)3. It seems that KMT lawmakers are intensely opposed to the increase on the premium of health insurance. (國民黨立委似乎強烈反對健保費的調漲。) 表示當下是這麼想的：某人似乎/好像是可用S+ seem / appear+ to不定詞來表示，意指當時見到某事物是什麼樣子。例句1是描述總統女婿似乎和這案件脫不了關係的當下之事。 表示過去某個時點是這麼想的：例句2中的蘇院長似乎不認同該部長的發言是表示對過去事物的判斷。 也可用It seems that表示：這裡的It代表不明確的狀態。例句1，2可做下列改寫：1. It seems that the presidents son-in-law gets involved in the case.2. It appeared that Premier Su frowned upon the ministers remarks.參考：seem / appear to be中的to be多半可以省略，但當表達的內容沒有 表示程度差別的形容詞時，不可省略。如例句4中指出了是什麼樣的 嫌疑犯，所以可省略to be。1. President Chen appeared disappointed at his son-in-law.(陳總統似乎對女婿很失望。)2. The legislator seemed discontented with the ministers response. (該立委不滿意部長的回應。)3. He seems to be a suspect. (他似乎是個嫌疑犯。)4. He seems (to be) a cunning suspect. (他似乎是個狡猾的嫌疑犯。)參考：seem / appear都可譯成似乎但appear一般是用在眼睛可見的 客觀事實。B to have+過去分詞(完成式的不定詞)1. The physically challenged person seems to have sustained major injuries in the car accident. (這位殘疾人士似乎在這場車禍受了重傷。)2. The battered woman appeared to have been beat by her cohabitant. (該位受虐婦女似乎被同居人毒打。)3. The addict seemed to have taken drug before killing his ex-girlfriend. (該吸毒者在殺害前女友前嗑過毒品。) 已經發生的事用to have+過去分詞來表示：比句中的主要動詞更早發生的事用to have+過去分詞來表示。 現在覺得過去似乎是：例句1中的殘疾人士受重傷是比seem更早發生的事情。如果用It seems that來改寫，則that子句的動詞用過去式，如下所示：It seems that the physically challenged person sustained major injuries in the car accident. 覺得比過去更早：例句3中的不定詞to have taken drug(嗑過毒品)，是比seemed更早發生的事。因此如果以It seemed that來改寫，則動詞要如下使用過去完成式；例句2同樣具這種時態上的先後關係。例句2，3的改寫如下：It seemed that the addict had taken drug before killing his ex-girlfriend.It appeared that the battered woman had been beaten by her cohabitant. 注意：to have+過去分詞稱為完成式的不定詞或完成不定詞。 to have+過去分詞用於表達相當於現在完成式的內容時當to have+過去分詞所表達的事和現在有關聯時，相當於to have+過去分詞的現在完成式。The crowd of youngsters seem to have found the exit of the maze. = It seems that the crowd of youngsters have found the exit of the maze.(這群青少年似乎找到迷宮的出口了。)C 進行式和被動語態的不定詞1. Law and order in central Taiwan previously seemed to be deteriorating. (前陣子中台灣的治安似乎在惡化!)2. Gender equality appears to be more valued than ever. (性別平等議題似乎比之前更受重視。)3. Taiwan expects to be considered a sovereign country internationally. (台灣在國際上希望被認為是個主權獨立的國家。) 進行式to be + V-ing：用不定詞來表示相當於進行式的內容時，就和例句1一樣，不定詞得用to be+ V-ing的形式。seemed to be + V-ing是正在做之意。 被動語態是to be +過去分詞：用不定詞來表示被動語態時，如例句2，3用to be +過去分詞。而expect to be+過去分詞是期望被。 不及物動詞+ to不定詞A happen / prove / turn out + to不定詞1. The two chairmen on bad terms happened to be arranged for to share the same VIP room. (兩位沒交情的主席被安排共用一間貴賓室。)2. The antique lamp worth NT$ 1 million turned out to be a counterfeit. (值100萬的古董檯燈結果證明是個贗品。)3. The prophecy made by the worldwide renowned fortuneteller on Taiwans economy prove to be true. (該國際知名的占卜者對台灣經濟的預言被證明是真實的。) 剛好/湊巧：S happen + to不定詞是剛好/湊巧之意。 結果證明是：S prove + to不定詞/S turn out + to不定詞是結果證明是之意。 用It happens that.來取代S happen + to不定詞S happen + to不定詞和S turn out + to不定詞可以改寫成It happens that./ It turns out that.。因此例句可如下方式改寫：1. It happened that the two chairmen on bad terms were arranged for to share the same VIP room.2. It turned out that the antique lamp worth NT$ 1 million was a counterfeit. B come / get + to不定詞1. Are you convinced that Taiwan will come to be united with Mainland China in the near future? (你相信台灣在不久的將來會和大陸統一嗎?)2. John, I guess, will get to adapt himself to the hustle and bustle of city life. (我猜約翰會習慣城市生活的喧囂煩擾。) 會吧：come + to不定詞和get + to不定詞是會吧/終至於之意。這裡的come不可用become來取代。C be to不定詞1. The police and prosecutors are to probe the case causing much sensation. (檢警將調查這件造成暄然大波的案件。)2. Those with personal income less than 20 thousand bucks monthly are not to file their income tax return. (個人每月所得不到兩萬者，不必申報所得稅。)3. The cram school abruptly shut down. No announcement or statement was to be made. (該補習班突然歇業，並沒做宣告或聲明。) be to不定詞：be to可當成助動詞用，一般稱為be to不定詞。主要有下列三種意思： 表示預定：如例句1中有預定之意。 表示義務/命令：如例句2中有應該做/不能不做之意。不定詞的否定是在to前面加not或never。 表示可能：如例句3中有可能之意。如果是否定句，則不定詞通常會變成be to+過去分詞的形式。參考：be to不定詞也可如下使用： 1. No judges would be lenient to the criminal. He is never to return his hometown. (沒有一位法官對該罪犯仁慈，他再也回不了家。)命運2. If you are to be held in high esteem, you must learn to respect yourself first. (若要他人尊重你，首先你得先自重。)意圖注意：be動詞後面的to不定詞。be to不定詞中，不定詞意義上的主詞和句子的主詞是一致的，如例句1中probe意義上的主詞是The police and prosecutors。另一方面，不定詞作為補語置於be動詞後面時，由於S = C，所以句子的主詞不是不定詞意義上的主詞。請參閱不定詞名詞用法-當補語用。 使用不定詞的注意事項too形容詞/副詞to不定詞太以致於不能形容詞/副詞enough to不定詞到足以去做so形容詞/副詞as to不定詞到程度地so as to / in order to不定詞目的/為了S is+難易程度的形容詞+ to不定詞表說話者對主詞的評價A 某些特定的字詞常和不定詞連用，形成固定的句型，茲分述如下1. The philosophical mode of thought is too abstruse for the kid to catch on to. (哲學思維對這小孩來說太深奧難懂。)2. The applicant was too strained to pass the interview. (應徵者太緊張而無法通過面試。)注意：和too.to不定詞類似的是sothat+否定句。由於too.to 不定詞已經有否定的意思。所以that後面得用否定句。因此例句可 做如下改寫：1. The philosophical mode of thought is so abstruse that the kid cannot catch on to it.2. The applicant was so strained that he couldnt pass the interview.sothat+否定句中的動詞得有受詞it (=philosophical mode of thought)，但使用too.to不定詞時並不需要，因為整個句子的主詞The philosophical mode of thought和不定詞的受詞是一樣的。1. Andy is robust enough to take the position of a bodyguard. (安迪夠結實可擔任貼身保鑣的工作。)2. Mary is childlike and nave enough to be an English teacher for kids. (瑪莉稚氣未脫又天真，可以當兒美老師。)3. The blueberries were ripe enough for the farmer to pick. (這些藍莓成熟了，果園可以摘下來。)注意：enough to不定詞可用sothat+肯定句來取代。此時，主詞後面也會有形容詞或副詞，但和too.to不定詞不同，that之後要用肯定句。因此例句可做如下改寫：1. Andy was so robust that he can take the position of a bodyguard.2. Marry is so childlike and nave that she can be an English teacher for kids.3. The blueberries were so ripe that the farmer can pick them.參考：有時enough和to不定詞之間可放上不定詞意義上的主詞，如例句3。1. The criminal was so brutal as to kill the innocent hostage. (該罪犯殘忍到殺害無辜的人質。)2. The executive is so bent on his job as to forget his wedding anniversary. (該主管過於專注自工作而忘了結婚週年紀念日。) 注意：so形容詞/副詞as to不定詞和enough to不定詞一樣，都有到的程度之意，但前者的形容詞或副詞要放置於so之後。1. At the crucial time with few weeks to go before the exam, he stayed up studying so as to attend a public university. (考前幾週的關鍵時刻，他為了考取國立大學而熬夜念書。)2. The anxious father had no option but to borrow money from a loan shark in order to raise sufficient money to ransom his beloved daughter. (為了籌措足夠的資金贖回心愛的女兒，該焦急的父親不得不向錢莊借錢。)3. The tourists to Mt. Ali rise early in the morning in order not to miss the very first flush of dawn. (到阿里山的遊客為了不錯過第一道曙光而起了個大早。) 注意：用不定詞表示目的的用法有so as / in order to不定詞這兩種。若欲表達為了不，可像例句3一樣，在不定詞前面加not。1. Spanish is difficult to make sense of. (西班牙文很難理解。)2. Jill, not only gossipy but bossy, is hard to get along with. (吉兒不但八卦而且跋扈，是個很難相處的人。)3. The crisis is by no means easy to tackle. (該危機一點也不容易解決。) 句子的主詞當介詞或動詞的受詞：在例句1，2中主詞都是介詞的受詞，但例句3的主詞則是當及物動詞tackle的受詞。若用虛主詞來改寫，形態如下：1. It is difficult to make sense of Spanish.2. It is hard to get along with Jill, not only gossipy but bossy.3. It is by no means easy to tackle the crisis.B 名詞片語名詞片語係由疑問詞 + to不定詞所構成。和不同的疑問詞搭配，便有各異的名詞片語。how to.如何做who to.對誰做what to.要做where to.要去哪做when to.何時做whether to是否做1. Presidents son-in-law didnt know how to acquit himself of the case. (總統的女婿不知如何脫罪。)2. He thought about who / whom to turn to in the face of intractable problem. (他想到在面臨棘手的問題時該求救於誰。)3. After reading the user manual with care, he knew what to do next. (在仔細看過使用手冊後，他清楚下一步該怎麼做。)4. Do you know where to claim my missing purse paneled with some diamond? (你知道哪裡可以領回我鑲有鑽石的遺失錢包?)5. Inquire the man in charge of the ball about when to commence. (詢問舞會的負責人何時問始。)6. The knockout cant resolve on whether to accept his proposal. (這位大美人無法決定是否接受他的求婚。)注意：why to 。疑問詞中，why不可放在不定詞的前面，即不能用why to不定詞的形式。參考：如例句所顯示，名詞片語大部分是作動詞的受詞。C獨立不定詞so to speak說起來needless to say不用說to be frank (with you)坦白說to be brief簡言之to begin with首先to make matters worse更糟的是to say nothing of更不用說not to say即使不能說to be sure的確to add insult to injury雪上加霜1. To tell the truth, you are not equal to the position of the management. (老實說，你不適合擔任管理階層的職務。)2. Strange to say, any aircraft or vessel coming closer this region will vanish. (說來奇怪，任何航空器或船艦靠近該地區都會消失。) 3. The director Ann Li is, so to speak, the greatest pilot of Taiwans cinema industry. (導演李安可以說是台灣電影工業的領航者。)4. Lily was addicted to on-line games. To make matters worse, she was flunked out. (莉莉迷上線上遊戲，更糟的是，她被當掉了。)5. Devout Buddhists are all vegetarians, to say nothing of killing a mosquito. (虔誠的佛教徒皆是素食者，更