英语词汇学精华版.docVIP

英语词汇学精华版 一、选择1-15；二、填空16-20*2；三、四、21-40选择连线；五、41-45名词解释*2；六、简答46-48*4；七、分析综合49-50*9 针对复习： 一、选择： 二、填空： 三、四、选择连线* 1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes. 2、types of bound morphemes：Prefix; Suffix. 3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms. 4、types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaningstylistic affective collocative ) 5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions. 6、idioms rhetorical features: phonetic manipulation (alliterationrhyme); lexical manipulation (reiterationrepetitionjuxtaposition);figures of speech (similemetaphormetonymysynecdovheeuphemismpersonification) 7、types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blending; clipping; acronym; back-formation; word from proper names. 8、changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; degradation; transfer. 9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ; etymological ; onomatopoeic 10、语系划分的标准Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.), Indo-Iranian（Persian, Hindi）, Armenian and Albanian ；Western set : Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German). 五、41-45名词解释*2； Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms. Semantics：the study of word meaning. Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time. Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. slang俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words Argot黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it, Archaisms古词语are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Neologisms新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a word Bound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixes Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function Prefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stem Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships Derivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new words Root: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds. Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word. Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. -definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 语境的种类:非语言语境。语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境。There are two types of contexts: linguistic context and extra-linguistic (or non-linguistic context). Extra-linguistic context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. Linguistic or Intra-linguistic context is further subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. By lexical context we mean the words that occur together with the word in question. By grammatical context we mean that the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. 语境的作用：Three major functions of context: elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. Context an be summed up as follows:1) definition 2) explanation 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy 6)hyponymy 7) relevant details 8) word structure 英语习语的特点The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability. 英语习语的分类According to the criterion of their grammatical functions, we classify them into idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms. The stylistic features are characterized with colloquialisms, slang, and literary expressions. 英语习语的使用The use of idioms involves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and variations of idioms. 英语习语的修辞色彩The rhetorical features of idioms are represented with phonetic manipulation ( alliteration头韵法and rhyme叠韵) , lexical manipulation ( reiteration复用, repetition重复and juxtaposition反义词叠用), figures of speech ( simile明喻, metaphor暗喻, metonymy转喻, synecdoche借代, personification拟人, euphemism委婉) 英语习语的变异形式In the variations, addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting and dismembering are involved in the changes in idioms constituents .Associative meaning : 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. Metonymy和Synecdoche ,修饰有何区别? Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. 词典的种类There are four types of dictionaries with their features mentioned in this parts: (1) monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, (2) linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries, (3) unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries, (4) specialized dictionaries. A monolingual dictionary is a dictionary which is written in one language. A bilingual dictionary is one in which two languages are involved. A linguistic dictionary is a dictionary which aims at defining words and explaining their usages in the language. An encyclopedic dictionary is one in which encyclopedic information is provided along with the general information as in a linguistic dictionary . An encyclopedia is a dictionary which only provide encyclopedic information concerning each headword. An unabridged dictionary is an unshortened dictionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can supply a great quantity of basic, information about a word. A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. A pocket dictionary is a dictionary which has about 50,000 entries or fewer. 七、分析综合49-50*9 1、对句子进行理论分析，并改进：ambiguous原因cause可以如何理解？如何改进？improve 2、对单词进行分析：re-collect-ion归属free morpheme, bound morpheme解释 3、构词法进行分析：word formation: 例如：VIP=very important person属于aronym 4、分析idiom:属于什么短语作用 注：重点有1、idioms相关知识； 2、一些名词解释，如术语等； 3、types of meaning； 二. 串讲内容 Introduction部分： Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支exicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 研究lexicology的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？ Woman的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization 第一章 What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释 词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？ 1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail，management可以次划分为manage和 ment misfortune可以次划分为mis- 和fortune。blackmail次划分为black和mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。 What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion概念 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional word 实词虚词 Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住All national character词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词 -稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute. 根据词的use frequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 什么叫borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It