高中英语必备语法.doc

高中英语语法第一章 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语 .宾语 .表语 .同位语 .介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句 .宾语从句 .表语从句和同位语从句。一 主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）名词性从句专项练习1. _ he does has nothing to do with me. A. whateverB. No matter whatC. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _ makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. thatC. whenD. as5. This is _ the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all _. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came _ the soldiers_ the small village the next morning. A. that ; had to leave B. that ; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _ is no possibility_ Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whetherD. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting _ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _ he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether12. _ the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. _ more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15. _ he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. _you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely_ that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where21. The limits of a persons intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 22. Evidence has been found through years of study_ childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. A. why B. how C. whether D. that23. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike. A. how B. which C. that D. what24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently. A. why B. how C. that D. whether25. We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever26. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best. A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever27. It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. A. how B. whether C. what D. why28. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time. A. why B. how C. whether D. when29. It doesnt matter _you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park. A. whether B. how C. if D. when 30. It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his keys in the office. A. whether B. where C. which D. that 31. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever32. Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers. A. when B. how C. that D. whether33. I made a promise to myself _this year, my first year in high school, would be different. A. whether B. what C. that D. how 34. The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed. A. when B. that C. whether D. how 35. _ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. WhichB. What C. ThatD. Whom36. The shocking news made me realize _ terrible problems we would face. A. whatB. howC. thatD. why37. There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. A. whatB. if C. how D. that38. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others actually understand. A. whyB. thatC. which D. what39. I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why40. Weve offered her the job, but I dont know_ shell accept it. A. whereB. what C. whether D. which41. The villagers have already known _ well do is to rebuild the bridge. A. thisB. thatC. what D. which42. It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why43. His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it is he is trying to express. A. that B. how C. who D. what 44. Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which45. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach _ to read fast. A. what B. who C. how D. why46. Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases. A. what B. which C. that D. where47.Id like to start my own business-thats _ Id do if I had the money. A. why B. when C. which D. what48. It is still under discussion _the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. when C. which D. where49. It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life. A. whose B. what C. which D. that50. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why 51. As a new graduate, he doesnt know it takes to start a business here. A. how B. what C. When D. which 52. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. A. Whether B. What C. That D. How53. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering54. We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture. A. that B. which C. what D. where 55. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. A. who B. where C. what D. how56. I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.Thats _I dont agree .You should have a more active life. A. where B. how C. when D. what57. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. A. what B. that C. why D. whether58. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. A. what B. which C. that D. though59. The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. A. which B. that C. what D. who60. Having checked the doors were closed，andall the lights were off，the boy opened the door to his bedroom. A. whyB. thatC. when D. whereKeys:15 ABABC 610 AABAC 1115 BBCAB 1620 BCBAA2125 BDDCD 2630ABCAD 135 CBCBB 3640ADDDC4145 CDDCC 4650CCABA 5155BBBDC 5660DBCCC名词性从句在写作中的应用1. We were driving out into the country, and we saw our English teacher riding in a bus, and the bus was crowded. _2. Kate is a new student. She comes from a northern province. She speaks a dialect. We find it hard to understand her dialect _3. Not everyone is good at learning English. Children from primary school start to learn English and Chinese at the same time. This will affect their Chinese study. _4 There are many wrongly-written characters in students compositions. They often use web languages when chatting on line. _5. They have much homework to do every day. They fail to memorize the new characters _语言知识综合能力练习01Id been travelling for long hours on a lonely country road when I had a flat tyreSo I had to stop and get the tools to 36 the problemIt certainly wasnt 37 doing this with a white shirt and suit onNightfall was approachingSuddenly a car pulled 38 from behind meA man got out and offered to 39 meSeeing his unpleasant appearance and tattoos （纹身） on his arm, I became 40 as thoughts of robberies flashed through my mindBut 41 I could say anything he had already begun to take the tools to change the 42 While watching him I happened to look back at his car and noticed someone sitting in the passenger seatThis had 43 meThen, without 44 , it began to rainHe suggested that I wait in his car because my car was unsafeAs the rain increased, getting us wet within seconds I 45 agreedWhen I settled into the back seat, a womans voice came from the front seatAre you all right? She turned around to meYes, I am, I replied with much 46 when seeing an old woman thereIt must be his Mom, I thoughtTo my 47 , the old woman was a neighbor of the man who was helping meJeff insisted on stopping when he saw you 48 with the tyre I am grateful for his help, I said Me, too! she said with a smileHe helped drive her to see her husband twice a week in a nursing homeShe also said that he 49 at the church and tutored disadvantaged studentsThe rain stopped and Jeff and I changed the tyreI tried to offer him money and of course he _50_ itIt was shameful that I judged people by the way they 51 As we shook hands I began to apologize for my 52 . He said, I experience that same 53 often. People who look like me dont do nice thingsI 54 thought about changing the wayBut then I saw this as a chance to make a 55 . So Ill leave you with the same question I ask everyone who takes time to know meIf Jesus returned tomorrow and walked among us again, would you recognize Him by what He wore or by what He did?36AfindBmakeCfixDavoid37AusefulBeasyCwiseDlucky38AupBoutConDround39AcarryBliftCdriveDhelp40Adiscouraged BfrightenedCdisappointedDastonished41AwhenBuntilCasDbefore42AtyreBsuitCexpressionDshirt43Aembarrassed BconcernedCdiscouragedDpuzzled44AwarningBrealizingCknowingDwaiting45AdirectlyBhappilyChurriedlyDunwillingly46AfearBsatisfactionCreliefDexcitement47AregretBamusementCsurpriseDdelight48AworkingBrepairingCfightingDstruggling49AstudiedBperformedCgrewDvolunteered50ArefusedBkeptCignoredDleft51AbehavedBspokeClookedDthought52AselfishnessBstupidityCweaknessDdisability53AlifeBincidentCreactionDchange54AhardlyBactuallyCfinallyDprobably55ApointBstartCremarkDcomparison第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解It 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英