定语从句初步整理.doc

综述中文名称定语从句 / 形容词性从句英文名称Attributive Clauses定义在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系词起连接作用，同时又在定语从句中充当句子成分。分类限定性定语从句；非限定性定语从句； 链接名师点拨先行词中文名称先行词英文名称The antecedent定义顾名思义，在定语从句（及其引导词）的前面，被定语从句修饰的词就叫先行词。先行词常由名词、名词词组或代词充当。举例1. This is the dog ( that) you bought two years ago. （the dog是先行词。）2. The book I read last night is very interesting.（The book是先行词。）关系代词中文名称关系代词英文名称Relative pronouns定义关系代词是关系词的一种。引出定语从句的代词，叫关系代词。关系代词通常出现在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当句子成分，有些情况可省略。例词that, which, who, whom, whose等。用法关系代词引导的限定性定语从句；关系代词引导的非限定性定语从句关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the woman who is talking with your teacher?whom, which和that在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Green i高考资源网s the person with whom I am working.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about science.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语宾语The bike (which) I gave you was worth $30.The picture which was about the earthquake was terrible.as人，物主语宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same key as I lost yesterday. as作宾语一般不省略注意事项1.关系代词which和that 的区别that既可代表事物也可代表人，which只代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略代词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。 下列情况下，只用关系代词which。在关系词前面有介词或逗号后面是非限定性定语从句时必用关系代词which，其余大多用万能的关系代词that。记忆口诀：in which，(逗号) which； 其余都用万能的that。例如：This is the classroom in which she learns to play soccer. （在关系词前面有介词in，只能用which） in which= whereShe broke the window, which was a pity. （逗号后面是非限定性定语从句，只能用which）Which修饰和补充说明前面整个句子，指她打碎窗户这件事。注意：含有介词的动词短语look for, look after, take care of等一般不拆开使用。例如：This is the dog which/that I am looking for. （这里for不能提前）This is the house that/which she is looking for.（这里for不能提前）下列情况下，只用万能的关系代词that。 （记忆联想：无论是第一还是最后，最高还是最低，拿不定，怕重复时，就用万能的that。）A. 先行词是序数词、the last、the only或被它们修饰时；（联想：无论第一还是最后） 例如：I will never forget the first lesson (that) you gave me. 我将不会忘记你给我上的第一课。 B. 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰；（联想：最高还是最低）例如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 C. 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代词时或由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时； （联想：拿不定）例如：All (that) she lacked was training. 她所缺乏的就是训练。D. 先行词中既有人又有物时；（联想：怕重复）例如：They were talking about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 他们在谈论他们所拜访的学校和老师。 E. 主句中含有who或which等特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时；（联想：怕重复）例如：Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那里的那个男人是谁？Which is the skirt that fits me most? 哪条是最适合我的裙子？F. 先行词the first time, By the time, the time等后面的定语从句用that引导，可以省略。（联想：怕重复时的“时”）例如：That was the first time I saw her. 那是我第一次看到她。By the time he arrived, you had left. 在他到达之前，你已经离开了。The time they got together finally came. 他们相聚的时间终于到了。3. which和as引导定语从句时的区别定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后或句子中间1. As is often the case, he came back home at midnight. 情况常常就是这样，他半夜回到了家。（as可放句首，which不能。）2. She saw her husband, as/which she had hoped. 如她所愿，她看到了她的丈夫。（as和which都可放主句后。）as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。1. He is a native speaker, as I know from his accent. 正如我从他的口音判断的那样，他讲的是他的母语。(as指代一个句子，意为“正如”、“就像”)2. He has to stay at home, which he doesnt like. 他不得不呆在家里，这是他不喜欢的。(which指代一个句子，没有“正如”、“就像”)关系副词中文名称关系副词英文名称Relative adverbs定义关系副词是关系词的一种。引出定语从句的副词，叫关系副词。关系副词通常出现在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当句子成分，有些情况可省略。例词where, when, why等。用法关系副词引导的限定性定语从句；关系副词引导的非限定性定语从句用法：关系词先行词句子成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met here.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where Luxun was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he refused my offer.可用for which限定性和非限定性定语从句（一）限定性定语从句 中文名称限定性定语从句 / 限制性定语从句英文名称Restrictive Attributive Clauses定义限定性定语从句是定语从句的一种，它对所修饰的先行词有限定作用，使该词的含义更准确。限定性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。分类1. 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose引导的限定性定语从句；2. 关系副词where, when, why引导的限定性定语从句；3. 准关系词as, than等引导的限定性定语从句。例句1. He brought home a box in which there was a dog. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句2. This is the bed where you should sleep.先行词 关系副词 定语从句3. The dog is a gift that his friends sends him. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句基本用法1. 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose引导的限定性定语从句。这几个代词中，who指人；which指物；that指人或物（that做宾语能省）；whom指人的宾格，常由who/that代替；whose相当于形容词，指人的或物的。例如：People found a dog which/that danced very well. 人们发现了一只跳舞很好的狗。(thatwhich这里指物，that做主语不能省)It is a lovely dog which(that) everyone loves. 它是一只人人喜欢的可爱的小狗。(thatwhich这里指物，that做宾语可省略) Tom is the person whom / who / (that) she follows. 汤姆是她一直跟着的人。(whom / who这里指人，that做宾语可省略)The dog helped the man whose car had broken down. 狗帮助了车坏的这个人。(“某人的”不能用which，只能用whose)Please pass me the book whose cover is red. 请递给我封面是红色的那本书。(“某物的”可用which，也可用whose)（ whose cover = the cover of which = of which the cover ）2. 关系副词where, when, why引导的限定性定语从句。和关系代词一样，关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。关系代词和关系副词可互换。 例如：This is the bed where/on which you should sleep. 这才是你应该睡觉用的床。Thats the reason why/for which she barks. 那才是她叫个不停的原因。I still remember the day whenon which I first came to the school. 我还记得第一次来这学校的那天。Beijing is the city wherein which he lived. 北京是他居住过的城市。3. 准关系词as, than等引导的限定性定语从句。as作为准关系词，出现在the same . as, such . as和as . as等结构中。这种情况下，as前面通常要有名词；as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句；as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分例如： He is the same person as helped me yesterday. 他就是昨天帮我的那个人 (准关系代词as在从句中作主语) This is the same bike as I lost three months ago. 这辆自行车跟我三个月前丢失的那辆一样 (准关系代词as在从句中作宾语) ( 区别：This is the same bike that I lost three months ago. 这正是我三个月前丢失的那辆自行车 ) Her hometown is not the same village as it used to be. 她的家乡今非昔比，已不是过去的那个小村庄了 (as在从句中作表语) I can speak English in the same way as you do. 我能像你那样说英语 This is not such a lovely dog as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种可爱的小狗Such a poor man as he is will be helped. 像他这样的穷人将会得到帮助 You have as much time as is required. 你要多少时间就有多少时间 I have as many books as you (do). 我的书和你的书一样多than作为准关系词，出现在more . than, less . than, fewer . than等结构中。这种情况下，than前面要有名词；than本身有比较意义，而且需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分例如：Dont worry. We have more time than is needed. 别担心，我们的时间绰绰有余。(准关系代词than在从句中作主语)I have more/fewer photos than you (do). 我的照片比你的多/少She is a more helpful girl than you (are). 她是一个比你更有用的女孩（二）非限定性定语从句中文名称非限定性定语从句 / 非限制性定语从句英文名称Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses定义非限定性定语从句是定语从句的一种，它与所修饰的先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用，写时用逗号分开。如果将非限定性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。关系词在非限定性定语从句中不能省略。分类1. 关系代词 which, who, whom, whose引导的非限定性定语从句；2. 关系副词where, when引导的非限定性定语从句；3. as引导的非限定性定语从句。例句1. The bike, which I bought last month, is very cheap.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2. This is my bedroom, where I often listen to the music.先行词 关系副词 定语从句3. The dog is a Christmas gift, which my father sent me. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句基本用法1. 关系代词 which, who, whom, whose引导的非限定性定语从句。这几个代词中，which指物或整个句子；that不能用； who指人；whom指人的宾格，不能由who代替； whose相当于形容词，指人的或物的。关系代词在非限定性定语从句中不能省略。例如：The dog, which dances very well, is from Japan. 这只狗来自日本，它跳舞跳得很好。(which在这里指狗。)Tom is a kind person, whom she follows everyday. 汤姆是个好人，她每天跟着他。(whom这里指Tom)The dog helped the policeman, whose car broke down last night. 狗帮助了这个警察，他的车昨晚坏了。Please pass me the book, whose cover is red. 请递给我那本书，封面是红色的那本。2. 关系副词where, when引导的非限定性定语从句。和关系代词一样，关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。关系代词和关系副词可互换。 why不能引导的非限定性定语从句。关系副词在非限定性定语从句中不能省略。例如：This is your bed, where/on which you should sleep. 这是你的床，你应该在这里睡觉。I still remember the special day, whenon which I first came to the school. 我还记得那个特殊的日子，那天我第一次来这所学校。3. as引导的非限定性定语从句。as引导非限定性定语从句，不能指代某个名词或代词，只代表主语或主句的一部分，可以放在主句前，后或中间，在从句中作主语或宾语。常用结构：as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is（well） known, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said before, as was mentioned above, as is often the case, as/indeed it is, etc.例如：As is known to all, he is her brother. 众所周知，他是她的哥哥。 (as指代整个句子，作主语，置于句首)He came to our school, as could be expected. 他如大家所愿，来到了我们学校。 (as 指代整个句子，作主语，置于句末)As we all know, he left in a hurry. 我们知道，他匆忙离开了。(as 指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句首)Shanghai is, as you know, a busy city. 上海，如你所知，是个热闹的城市。(as指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句中)（三）限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别1. 形式和作用不同。限定性定语从句的主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开，从句不能省略，如果省略整个句子意思不完整。非限定性定语从句的主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。从句只是起到补充说明的作用，可以省略，如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。例如：He has a son who works in Peking University. 他有一个在北京大学工作的儿子。（他可能还有其他儿子。限制性定语从句。） He has a son, who works in Peking University. . 他有一个儿子，在北京大学工作。（他只有一个儿子。非限制性定语从句，起补充说明作用。）2. 关系词不同。限定性定语从句的引导词有时可以省略，非限定性定语从句的引导词不可以省略，不能用that。who也不可以替换whom。 例如：She catches a bone (which/that) he gives her. 她接住了他给的骨头。 (限制性定语从句，引导词做宾语可以省略。)She catches a bone, which he gives her. 她接住了一根骨头，那是他给的。(非限制性定语从句，引导词不可以省略。)3. 修饰的对象有时不同。限定性定语从句只修饰先行词，非限定性定语从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。例如：She can sing, which I cannot. （which修饰和补充说明前面整个句子，指她能唱歌这件事。）名师点拨An attributive clause also comes from a sentence.句子 从句 The boy often comes late.The boy who often comes late 指人The book cost me ten yuan.The book that cost me ten yuan 指事物I met the man last week.The man that I met last week 指人,作宾语，可省略I saw a movie last month.The movie I saw last monthHe told us a story last night.The story he told us last nightI go to school with the boy every day.The boy I go to school with every dayI live in a big house.The big house I live inThe cat came in through the hole.The hole the cat came in throughWe spent the night on the hill.The night we spent on the hill区别：（1）They got married on that day.The day when they got marriedThe day on which they got