初中复合句讲义.doc

第十一讲 复合句复合句是由一个或一个和几个从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体，从句只能在整个句子中作一个成分，不能独立。从句在句中作什么成分，就叫什么从句。定语句子在复合句，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关联词。常见的关联词有关系代词that which who whom whose和关系副词where when why等。它们都在定语从句中担任成分。现分述如下：1定语从句如果修饰人，常常用关系代词who，有时也用that(作主语时多用who).例如：He is a man who/that often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人。如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用whom 或that，但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略，且在口语中可用who代替whom。例如：Here is a man( who/that/whom) you should like to see.这就是你想见的那个人。值得注意是，如果在介词的后面就只能用whom。例如：The boy to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。如果表示“的”时，就用who的所有格whose。例如：Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor?我们班有谁的父亲是当医生？Whose的先行词也可是物。例如：The house whose windows face the street is my uncles窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的。2.定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that的时候较多，有时也用which。例如：Its a computer which/that costs six thousand yuan. 这是一台价值六千元的电脑。当这个代词在从句中用作定语时，往往都会把它省略。例如：The present(that / which)you gave me is very beautiful.你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮。在介词的后面只能用which。例如：This is the book about which they are talking.这就是他们正在谈论的那本书。3.定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时，用关系副词when。例如：I will never forget the day when I met her.我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。4.定语从句修饰地点名词，用关系副词where。例如：This is the place where we lived for five years.这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方。5.定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时，用关系副词why。例如：I know the reason why she didnt come yesterday.注意：先行词为物时，which 与that的区别。1.在下列情况下，通常只用that.1)当先行词为 none, one, few, little, all, many, much, every, something, everything, anything, nothing时。例如：She did all that she could to help him.Is there anything else that you require.2)当先行词被some, every, little, few ,many ,much ,all ,any ,no ,none等词修饰时。例如：There is little water that you can drink.You can take any seat that is free.3)当先行词被 the same, the last, the only ,the right, the very等词修饰时。例如：Its the last place that we want to visit.This is the very film that we enjoy.4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：This is the first exam that we have this term.This is the best novel that I have read.5)当先行词既有人又有物时。例如：He talked happily of the men and the book that interested us.6)当主句是which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如：Which of the books that are on the desk moved him?2.在下列情况下只能用which.1)当关系代词前使用介词时。例如：That was the train by which they went to Jinan.2)当先行词本身是that 时。例如：The predicate(谓语)is that which is said of subject(主语)3)在非限定性定语从句中。例如：Football ,which is a very interesting game ,is played all over the world.4)当指物的关系代词被指人的短语隔离时。例如：The cat beside the girl which is lovely was bought yesterday.先行词为人时，who 与that的区别。1.当先行词在从句中作标语或主语是以who引导的特殊疑问句时,关系词用that。例如：He isnt the man that he used to be.Who is the man that is standing there.2.若先行词为he she those anyone 等表示一类人的词时，关系词一般用who。例如：He who invited me to the party is my brother.Anyone who wants to see the film please let me know.状语从句修饰动词、形容词或副词，在复合句中担当状语的从句，叫状语从句。它也可位于句首，也可位于句末。位于句首时，从句常常与其它部分隔开。状语从句可分为以下几种：一、 间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有while when as as soon as until notuntil before after since等。要掌握每个连词的含义及其用法，还要注意它们之间的一些区别。1.when while 和as的用法：1） 均可表示“当时候”，如果主句的谓语动词表示的是短暂的动作，而从句表 示是一段时间，三者可以通用。例如：I met an old friend of mine as/ when /while I was walking along the street. 当我沿街散步的时候，碰见我的一个老朋友。2） s和when引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词可以是终止性动词，while引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词一般是延续性动词。例如：It was raining hard when we got to the airport.当我们到达机场时，天正下着大雨。（不能用while引导）3) as强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；while强调主句谓语动作表示的 动作持续于while从句所指的整个时间内；when可以指主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的动作同时或先后发生。例如：She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。Please listen me carefully while I read. 我朗读的时候，请仔细听。When he reached home ,he had a little rest . 回到家以后，他休息了一会了。4)从句表示“随时间推移”连词只能用as,不用when或 while 。例如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.2.until 和till的用法：until 和till在肯定句中意为“直到为止”，主句的谓语动词一般用延续性动词；在否定句中，表示“直到才”的意思，主句谓语动词一般用延终止性动词，这时till和until可用before替换。例如：I waited till/until he arrived. 我一直等到他到来。We wont start until / till / before Bob comes. 在鲍勃到来之前，我们是不会动身的。3.since 从句中的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时或现在完成时。Where have you been since I saw you last?自上次我和你见面之后，你到哪里去了？4.如果主句谓语动词一般将来时或情态动词加动词原形或主句是祈使句，时间状语从句的谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来时。例如：Ill phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就大电话给你Ill tell you the news when he comes back.。 他回来时我会告诉他这个消息。一、 件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词有if （如果）。Unless （除非）等，unless 在意义上相当于“ifnot”.条件状语从句也像时间状语从句一样，如果主句谓语动词用一般将来时，从句谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来时。例如：You will fail unless you study hard.(=You will fail if you dont study hard.)除非你努力学习，否则你会考不及格的。二、 因状语从句原因状语从句一般由because since as for引导，注意；as ,because ,since ,for的区别：1)如果原因是构成句子的主要部分，一般用because. .because引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。对以why开头的问句，一般只能用because引导的从句来回答。例如：Why cant I go ? 为什么我不能去？_Because youre too young. 因为你年纪太小了。2)如果原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其余部分重要，就用as或 since ，since比as稍微正式一些。 Since和as引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As (Since) you are not feeling well, youd better stay at home.既然你不太舒服，还是留在家里的好。3)for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明，因此for引导的从句可以放在括号里，而且for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如：I decided to stop and lunch ,for I was feeling quite hungry.注意：Because 和so不能同时用在一个句子里。例如：She was late for school because she missed the bus.She missed the bus, so she was late for school.三、 语从句引导比较状语从句的连词主要有as, than等，请注意掌握以下句式：1）表示甲与乙在某一方面相同时，用“as+形容词/副词的原级+as”结构；表示甲在某一方面不如乙时，用“not as/ so +形容词/副词的原级+as”结构。例如：This park is as beautiful as that one. 这个公园和那个公园一样美。I cant write as/so well as you。 我不能写地像你一样好。2）甲超过或不及乙时，用“形容词或副词的比较级形式+than从句“（从句中常省略与主句意思相同的部分）。例如：We work harder than you (do). 我们比你们工作努力。四、 果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有sothat（如此一致于），suchthat（如此一致于）等.so 和such的使用规律由 so 与such的不同词性决定。Such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词只能修饰形容词或副词。So还可与表示数量的形容词many ,few ,much ,little 连用，形成固定搭配。常用的句式主要有：+so+形容词/副词+that从句such+ a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句。such+形容词+单数可数名词/不可数名词+that从句。so +形容词+a/an +单数可数名词+that从句。+so+ many /few /much /little+名词+that从句。例如：He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow him.他讲得太快，我跟不上。He told us such funny stories that we all laughed . 他给我们讲了这么有趣的故事，我们都大笑起来。注意：sothat结构在某种情况下可以与enough to和tooto结构相互转换。例如：She is so short that she cant reach the buttons of the lift .=She is too short to reach the buttons of the lift .=She is not tall enough to reach the buttons of the lift .五、 点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where ,wherever引导。Where there is a will ,there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。Wherever you go ,I go ,too. 无论你去哪里，我也要去。六、 步状语从句1)though ,although注意：当有though ,although时，后面的从句不能有but,Although its raining, they are working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old. but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。2)even if ,even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.3)whetheror 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.4)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”No matter what happened he would not mind.Whatever happened ,he would not mind .替换：no matter what=whatever no matter who=whoever no matter when=whenever no matter where=wherever no matter which=whichever no matter how=however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now. (对) Whatever you say is of use now. 现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）宾语从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句中的语序是陈述句的语序。一、宾语从句的引导词1如果从句是由陈述句转变而来的，其引导词用that,常可以省略。例如：I hope (that )I can study English better.2.如果宾语从句是由一般疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用if/whether,意为“是否”。例如：Mr. Chen asked ,”Are you all here?” Mr. Chen asked if/whether we were all here.If / whether , 意为“是否”时，常可换用。但在下列情况下，只能用whether.1）在不定式前Hes not sure whether to leave or stay on.2) 在介词后Mike is thinking of whether his parents will come and see him today.3) 后面直接跟or not 时，只能用whether.I dont know whether or not well have an English exam tomorrow .3.如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用连接代词what/which/who/whose或连接副词when /where /why/how等。这些连接词都要充当从句中的一个成分，故不能省略。例如：Tom asked me ,”When did you begin to study English?”Tom asked me when I began to study English.二、宾语从句中的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的时态则根据具体情况或具体意义来确定。例如：I dont know when he came back.Do you know where they will go this summer holiday?Will you please tell me how I can get to the post office?2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则相应地使用一般过去时/过去将来时/过去完成时/过去进行时等。例如：He said that he didnt find your lost pen.My parents told me that they would go to Beijing.The policeman asked him what he was doing at midnight yesterday.3.如果宾语从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象、名言警句或谚语等，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用原时态。例如：Our geography teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. When I was young , my father often told me that knowledge is power 三、宾语从句的陈述语序在含有宾语从句的复合句中，不管宾语从句由哪种句式转变而来，从句必须采用陈述语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+（其他）”结构。例如：We dont know where he lives .句中where he lives不能改为where does he live.Can you tell us? Is everybody here? (变宾语从句)Can you tell us if everybody is here？四、宾语从句的人称呼应在宾语从句中，从句的人称有时需根据主句的需要而作相应的变化。例如：Mike asked me ,When were you born?Mike asked me when I was born.He told me ,I will visit you next week.He told me he would visit me the next week.五、宾语从句否定的转移当主句的谓语为think believe等，且主句主语为第一人称时宾语从句中的否定词not应移到主句的谓语动词上来。例如：We believe, Their team cant beat ours.We dont believe their team can beat ours.六、含有宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句含有宾语从句的复合句在进行反意疑问时，疑问部分通常由主句来决定，但当主句中含有think believe 等动词且主句主语为第一人称时，疑问部分需由从句来决定，不过应注意否定转移的情况。例如：He said Jack failed the exam, didnt he? (由主句来决定)I dont think you are right ,are you ? (由从句来决定，且应考虑否定转移的问题)【中考演练】1.She is kind to her friends. She always takes a present with her she visits her friends .A. because B. till C. though D. when 2.Do you know ? A. which floor he live