必背材料必备学习.doc

-美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。高三英语大型考试考前必背材料汇总围场卉原中学 董怀君 整理第一类 高考英语单词陷阱名人名言No one can degrade us except ourselves; that if we are worthy, no influence can defeat us. (B.T.Washington, American educator) 除了我们自己以外，没有人能贬低我们。如果我们坚强，就没有什么不良影响能够打败我们。一、一个星期七天1. Monday2. Tuesday3. Wednesday4. Thursday 5. Friday6. Saturday7. Sunday二、一年十二个月1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April5. May 6. June7. July 8. August 9. September10. October11. November12. December三、一年四季1. spring2. summer3. autumn4. winter四、容易拼写错的数字eighth第八 ninth第九 forty四十 twelfth第十二 twentieth第二十五、亲属称呼daughter (女儿)niece (女性晚辈)nephew (男性晚辈)cousin (同辈兄弟姐妹)aunt (女性长辈)uncle (男性长辈)六、以下动词加-ed或-ing要双写最后一个字母regret (regretted, regretting) 后悔 control (controlled, controlling) 控制admit (admitted, admitting) 承认 occur (occurred, occurring) 出现prefer (preferred, preferring) 宁愿 refer (referred, referring) 提到forget (forgetting ) 忘记 permit (permitted, permitting)允许equip (equipped, equipping) 装备 注意：quarrel, signal, travel中的l可双写（英国英语）也可不双写（美国英语）七、部分过去式和过去分词不规则变化的动词broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) 广播 flee (fled, fled) 逃跑 forbid (forbade, forbidden) 禁止forgive (forgave, forgiven) 原谅 freeze (froze, frozen) 结冰hang (作“绞死”讲，是规则的；作“悬挂”讲，其过去式过去分词都是hung)lie (作“说谎”讲时，是规则的；作“位于”讲时，其过去式是lay，过去分词是lain)seek (sought, sought) 寻求 shake (shook, shaken) 发抖 sing (sang, sung) 唱歌 sink (sank, sunk/sunken) 下沉 spread (spread, spread) 传播swim (swam, swum) 游泳tear (tore, torn) 撕碎 weave (wove, woven) 编织八、意思相近的词check / examine/ test receive / accept destroy /damage celebrate/ congratulate wear / dress九、注意形容词变名词时的拼写变化longlength 长度 widewidth 宽度 highheight 高度 strongstrength力量 十、以-ic结尾的动词，应先把-ic变为-ick，再加ing或edpicnic (picnicked, picnicking) 野餐 panic( panicked, panicked) 惊慌，恐慌十一、个别名词的复数拼写German (Germans) 德国人 gulf (gulfs) 海湾 handkerchief (handkerchiefs) 手帕 roof (roofs) 房顶hero (英雄)，potato (土豆)，tomato (西红柿) 等有生命的以-o结尾的名词变复数时要加-esproof(proofs) 证据，证明 belief( beliefs) 信念，信仰 stomach (stomachs) 胃十二、注意动词变名词时的拼写变化succeedsuccess成功 pronouncepronunciation 发音 explainexplanation解释decidedecision 决定 enterentrance进入 permitpermission 允许 refuserefusal 拒绝considerconsideration 考虑 discoverdiscovery 发现buryburial 埋葬concludeconclusion 得出结论arrivearrival 到达 weighweight 重量 describe-description 描写，描述十三、注意形容词变副词时的拼写变化beautifulbeautifully 美丽的 possiblepossibly 可能的 practicalpractically 实际的particularparticularly 特别的 successfulsuccessfully 成功的十四、其它必背单词abroad 国外absence n. 缺席 (absent adj.)accepted (NMET1997)accident事故 (accidental adj. 偶然的，accidentally adv. 偶然地)achievement成就 (achieve v. 获得)address地址admire钦佩admitting (2000北京春季卷)agreement 协议agriculture农业 (agricultural adj. 农业的)altogether总共ancient 古代的announced(NMET1999)anxiety 忧虑 (anxious adj. 焦急的，anxiously adv. 焦急地)apologize v. 道歉 (apology n. 道歉apologetic adj. 道歉的，apologetically adv.道歉地)apologize/apologise (2000全国卷)appreciate感激/欣赏 (感激人用thank sb；谢谢某人做的事用appreciate sth.)Asian(NMET1996)assistant 助手astonish吃惊 (astonishment n. 吃惊，astonishing，astonished)astronaut 宇航员atmosphere气氛attempt尝试 (可作名词也可作动词)attentively 专心地attentively(NMET1996)attitude 态度attract 吸引 (attraction吸引力)average 平均average(NMET1999)balance平衡beauty 美 (beautiful)believe相信 (belief n. 信念，其复数是beliefs)beyond超过biology生物birthday生日bravery 勇敢broadcast(NMET1996)broadcast广播 (过去式、过去分词同原形)carefully 小心 (carefully)ceiling天花板celebrated (2000北京春季卷)celebration 庆祝 (celebrate n. 庆祝)century 世纪challenge 挑战character 性格charge收费cinema电影院comfort v. & n. 安慰 (comfortable adj. comfortably adv.舒适地)comfortably(NMET1997)comment 评论communication 交流competition 竞赛 (compete v. 竞赛competitor 竞赛者)composition 作文concert 音乐会conclude v. conclusion n. 结论condition情况 (conditions条件)confessing (2000北京春季卷)congratulations 祝贺 (congratulate v.)constantly 不断地construction(NMET1996)continue继续contribution 贡献 (contribute v.)conveniently方便 (convenient adj.)conversation 谈话coughing(NMET1997)cousin表兄弟cruelty 残酷 (cruel adj. cruelly adv.)curious 好奇 (curiosity n. 好奇)curious(NMET1996)customer 顾客customers (2000北京春季卷)custom习俗damage损坏declared(NMET1999)delicious 美味destroy毁灭 (其过去式是destroyed)determined 有决心的develop发展 (development n. developing 发展中的，developed发达的)dialogue 对话diary 日记 (dairy 奶制品)difference 不同点 (有复数形式)disappointed失望 (disappointing 让人失望的)disappointment 失望discovery 发现 (其复数是discoveries，其动词是discover，discoverer发现者)disturb打扰dollar美元 (其复数是dollars)downstairs楼下dream梦想 (其过去式是dreamed或dreamt)electricity电 (electrical电的，electric 电的)employ 雇用 (employment n. employer 雇主，employee雇员)empty倒空 (可用动词，其过去式是emptied)encourage鼓励 (encouraging, encouraged, encouragement n.)energy能量envelope 信封envy n. 妒忌 (envious adj.)equal(NMET1998)equipment设备especially 尤其是essential(NMET1999)European 欧洲人event事件excellent极好 (excellence n. excellently adv.)exhibition(NMET1997)exhibition展览expense 耗费experience 经验 (experienced 有经验的)expert 专家expression 表达failure 失败 (fail v.)familiar(NMET1999)familiar熟悉的favorite 最喜爱的 (即作形容词也作名词，作名词时有复数)figure人物/数字finger手指flight飞行forehead前额foreign(NMET1998)fortunately幸运地forward向前freezing 极冷的 (frozen 冷冻的)frequently 经常地furniture 家具further进一步的generally (2000全国卷)geography地理Germany德国government(NMET1996)gradually逐渐地graduation毕业 (graduate)grammar语法habits (NMET1997)handkerchiefs (2000北京春季卷)honesty 诚实 (honest)honor/honour 荣誉imagination 想象力 (imagine v.)immediate (2000北京春季卷)immediately马上impress 印象 (impression n.)incident小事件including包括 (include v.)indispensable (NMET1999)industry工业 (industrial adj. 工业的)information 信息inspire激励 (inspiration n. inspiring, inspired)institute学院instrument 仪器interest 兴趣interrupt 打断interrupt打断introduce介绍 (introduction n.)irregular 不规则的journey旅程judge判断 (judgment)kindergarten幼儿园knowledge 知识labor/labour劳动late1y(NMET1999)laughter笑声lawyer律师librarian图书馆理员loss损失 (lose, lost 是其动词形式)luckily幸运地magazine杂志majority (2000北京春季卷)majority大多数manage 设法 (manager, management)market(2000全国卷)marriage 结婚 (marry v. 结婚，married已婚的)material(s)/cloth(NMET1996)material物质/材料mayor市长mean (NMET1999)measure测量medal 奖章 (比较：model 模型)memory记忆力 (memorize v. 记住，remember 记得)messages (2000全国卷)metal 金属modern现代的modest谦虚的monitor 班长/监控moustache 胡子murder谋杀 (murderer 凶手)musician 音乐家mysterious 神秘的 (mystery 神秘)nationality国籍 (nation 国家，national国家的)naturally(NMET1998)naughty 淘气的necessary(NMET1999)ninth(NMET1998)normal 正常的obey (NMET1997)obviously明显的offering (2000全国卷)operation手术opportunity 机会ordinary 普通的organized/organised(NMET1996)particularly 特别是passenger 旅客passengers(NMET1999)patience耐心 (patiently)patient病人/耐心perfect 完美 (perfectly)performed(2000北京春季卷)perhaps 或许period 时期permission许可persuaded(NMET1996)phenomena 现象physicist 物理学家pilots (2000全国卷)poisonous 有毒的 (poison)political 政治的 (politics)popular受欢迎的population人口position 职位possibility(-ies)可能性 (possible 可能的)poverty 贫穷 (poor)poverty贫穷practical (NMET1997)preparing(NMET1998)pressure(NMET1997)pretend假装professor 教授profit 利润progress进步pronunciation (2000北京春季卷)provide 提供 (比较：offer, supply)public 公众purpose目的quality(NMET1996)quantity数量realistic(NMET1997)receive 收到recently(NMET1999)recognised/recognized(NMET1999)recognize 认出 (recognition 承认)regards 问候remind提醒repeat (repetition)重复respect尊敬restaurant 餐馆restaurants(NMET1999) satisfaction满意 (satisfy, satisfied, satisfying)satisfactory 满意的Saturday(NMET1998)scientific 科学的scientific科学的secretary秘书secretly (2000北京春季卷)separately单独地separates (NMET1998)serious 严重的 (seriously)service服务shortcoming缺点silence 安静 (silent)similar (2000北京春季卷)similar 类似的 (similarity ies相似之处)situation形势/情况slightly(2000全国卷)society 社会 (social adj. 社会的)southern(2000全国卷)special特别的species 物种 (单复数同形)spring(NMET1997)square 平方stolen(2000全国卷)straight(NMET1997)suitable合适的support支持surprise吃惊surround 包围swimming(NMET1998)technique 技术 (technical adj.)technology技术temperature温度theory 理论thirsty口渴thorough (NMET1997)total合计traffic 交通translated(NMET1998)translation 翻译 (translator翻译家，interpret 解说, interpreter 口语翻译)umbrella(NMET1999)umbrella伞unusually不寻常 (unusual不寻常的)unwilling 不愿意 (willing adj. 愿意 will n. 意志)upstairs(2000全国卷)upstairs楼上vacation假期various各种各样的 (variety n. 种类)victim受害者victory胜利vocabulary词汇voyage航行waste (NMET1999)wealth财富weather(NMET1998)whisper 低语worship崇拜youth年轻人 (复数加-s)zero 零18第二类 高考英语经典十口诀名人名言I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort. Thomas Hardy, British poet and novelist 可以说成功要靠三件事才能赢得：努力、努力、再努力。英国诗人、小说家哈代.T.口诀1要求跟不定式的动词 “要想干，同意办，愿意不愿意，决定尽量干。” a要求，想要，希望(want, wish, hope, expect, intend, mean) b同意(agree, promise) c意愿(care, hate, refuse) d决定，企图(determine, decide, offer, attempt, try, manage)口诀2 要求跟随动名词的动词 (1)“megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃), mind, miss, enjoy, give up, admit, avoid, finish, escape, practise. (2)“makes (a) fit speech”mind,avoid,keep,enjoy,suggest/finish,imagine,thinkabout,spend,practise,excuse,escape,cant help口诀3有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，其口诀是：一觉二听三让四看,五观察。一觉：feel二听：hear、listen to三让：let、have、make四看：notice、see、watch、look at五观察: observe倒装口诀口诀4 i drop caps” 在某些表示请求、命令、建议等动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用动词原形或should+动词原形。 iinsist, ddemand, rrequest/require/recommend, oorder, ppropose, ccommand, aadvise, ppreqersic, ssuggest.口诀5有些动词用过去完成时，常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧记其首字为组成的“withspem”，代表：wish,intend,think,hipe,suppose,plan,expect,mean口诀6例装副词开头要例装，人称代词则如常。only修饰副介状，位于句首半倒装。否定意义副连词，“既不也不”须倒装。表语前置主语长，衔接自然常倒装。such代词做表语，引起主谓要倒装。Not only开头句，前一分句须倒装。had，were，should虚拟句，省略if半倒装。口诀7当名词有多个形容词修饰时，下面的口诀可帮你记住这一先后顺序。限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠；口诀8lie lay lain躺lay laid laid放下；产蛋lie lied lied撒谎，这几个词在拼写上很容易混淆，有人编了这样的口诀：规则的“撒谎”，不规则的“躺”，“躺”过就“下蛋”，“下蛋”不规则。“规则”指规则变化，“不规则”即不规则变化，如lie作“撒谎”解时，是规则变化，即其过去式和过去分词直接加-d；“躺过”的“过”指的是过去式，即lie的过去式lay是“下蛋”的原形；“下蛋”是不规则变化。口诀9分开“一段时间”， some time表示“一段时间”； 相聚“在某一时”，sometime表示“在某一时”； “有时”相聚加s，sometimes表示“有时，不时”； “几次”分开带s，some times表示“几次，次数”。口诀10短文改错（一）见到谓语找主语，主谓一致找状语见到名词想多数，可不可数要记牢见到平行看结构，形式功能要对称见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理小小of常抓的点，of前名词adj最高级（二） 谓与非谓经常混谓语句中就一个其余动词非谓语常见形式有三种Ving ；ved 和to do主宾通常ving现在分词表主动过去分词表被动目的要用不定式改错要想拿高分语法口诀要记牢第三类 高考英语作文模版名人名言To choose time is to save time .( Francis Bacon , British philosopher )合理安排时间就是节约时间 。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)对比观点题型（1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1有一些人认为。2另一些人认为。3我的看法。 The topic of -（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of -（支持A的理由一）What is more, -理由二). Moreover, -(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),-（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),-(理由三). From my point of view, I think -（我的观点）. The reason is that -(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .（2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that -（观点一）. For example, they think -（举例说明）And it will bring them -(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,-(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, -(反对的理由之二)Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that -(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义分析并举例使其更充实 The good old proverb -（名言或谚语）reminds us that -(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,-(理由一). For example, -(举例说明). Secondly,-(理由二). Another case is that -(举例说明). Furthermore , -(理由三) In my opinion, -(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say-A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, youll necessarily benefit a lot from it.解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径问题现状怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face I problem-A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, -(说明的现状)Second, -(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, -(解决方法一). For another -(解决方法二). Finally, -(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because -(带来的好处).说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）说明事物现状事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First -(的优点之一). Besides -（的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that -(的第一个缺点)To make matters worse,-(的第二个缺点) Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to -(我的看法)(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, -(对前景的预测)议论文的框架(1)不同观点列举型（选择型）Thereisawidespreadconcernovertheissuethat_作文题目.Butitiswellknownthattheopinionconcerningthishottopicvariesfrompersontoperson.Amajorityofpeoplethinkthat_观点一_.Intheirviewsthereare2factorscontributingtothisattitudeasfollows:inthefirstplace,_原因一_.Furthermore,inthesecondplace,_原因二_.Soitgoeswithoutsayingthat_观点一_.People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeopleholdtheideathat_观二_.Intheirpointofview,ontheonehand，_原因一_.Ontheotherhand,_原因二_.Therefore,thereisnodoubtthat_观点二_. AsfarasIamconcerned,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat_观点一或二_.Itisnotonlybecause_,butalsobecause_.Themore_,themore_. （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays,thereisawidespreadconcernover(theissuethat)_作文题目_.Infact,therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesin_题目议题_.Generallyspeaking,itiswidelybelievedthereareseveralpositiveaspectsasfollows.Firstly,_优点一_.Andsecondly_优点二_. JustAsapopularsayinggoes,everycoinhastwosides,_讨论议题_isnoexception,andinanotherword,itstillhasnegativeaspects.Tobeginwith,_缺点一_.Inaddition,_缺点二_. Tosumup,weshouldtrytobringtheadvantagesof_讨论议题_intofullplay,andreducethedisadvantagestotheminimumatthesametime.Inthatcase,wewilldefinitelymakeabetteruseofthe_讨论议题_.(3)答题性议论文 Currently,thereisawidespreadconcernover(theissuethat)_作文题目_.Itisreallyanimportantconcerntoeveryoneofus.Asaresult,wemustsparenoeffortstotakesomemeasurestosolvethisproblem. Asweknowthattherearemanystepswhichcanbetakento