学术英语(理工)Unit5.ppt

学术英语 理工 Academic English for Science and Engineering Unit Contents 1 Definition 2 Two types of research paper 3 Writing an introduction 4 Writing the body of a secondary research essay 5 Writing the body of a primary research essay 6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion 7 Writing an abstract 8 Writing a reference list 9 Academic writing style 10 Proofreading 11 Listening Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition Task 1 Text 15 Genetically Modified FoodsFeed the World? Text 16 Influence of Genetically Modified Soya on the Birth Weight and Survival of Rat Pups Text 17 Clinical Risk Assessment of GM Foods Task 2 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Text 15 is an ordinary essay while text 16 and 17 are research articles. 2 For example, Text 16 and 17 use many previous findings and have their abstracts and reference lists, all of which Text 15 lacks. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 15 1 Definition 1 What does “the genetic is out of the bottle” mean according to the author? The author means that in fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 15 2 How can biotech help? Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta carotenewhich the body converts into vitamin Aand additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil, and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 15 3 Why does the author think that biotech is far from the whole answer? In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Match the words with their definitions. 5 c 10 d 1 b 2 i 3 e 4 f 6 h 7 g 8 a 9 j Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. 1 (基因上地) engineering 2 advantages (比重要) disadvantages greatly 3 (基础设施) construction 4 (统计) analysis 5 will soon (解决) all the difficulties 6 (金融的) institution 7 (严格的) discipline 8 (点燃) the flames of revolution 9 be in (合作) with your partner 10 a(n) (绝望的) cry for help 11 (改变) the bad habit genetically outweigh infrastructure statistics resolve financial rigorous spark collaboration desperate alter Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. 12 resources of (可耕种的) land 13 (缓和) criticism with reason 14 (游说以争取) for the funds 15 He is at the (领先地位). 16 a(n) (一系列) of information 17 be (缺乏的) in nutrition 18 be (限制) to adults 19 (没有根据的) suspicions 20 Coal can be (使转变) to gas. 21 a(n) (毁灭性的) hurricane 22 (主要的) exports of this country 23 (转变) dream into reality cultivable temper lobby leading-edge array deficient restricted unfounded converted devastating staple transform Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the paragraph. True, GM foods are (已成为我们 生活的一部分), and farmers (迫切地想要) use the biotechnology as (能提高稻谷 产量), yet we need a deep philosophical discussion of its implication. We still remember that when pesticides were first introduced, they also were praised as absolutely safe and as a miracle cure for farmers. (尽管这么多保证), decades later the technology revealed its truer lethal implications. Hence, any technology (应该进行严格的测试) before its wide application. already very much a part of our lives have a strong incentive to it can raise overall crop productivity But for all that promise subjected to rigorous testing should be Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language 1 特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的 国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 2 在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且 供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一 些。 3 生物技术专家已经培育出了含有-胡萝卜素身体可将 之转化为维生素A和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前 正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。 Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese. 4 转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子 在耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。 5 尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的 限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 16 1 What are the three study groups in the investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring of Wistar rats? A group of female rats fed by GM soya flour before mating and pregnancy; A control group of females fed by traditional soya; A positive control group received feed without any soya. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 16 2 What are the four main sources of hazards of GMO that are discussed by scientists worldwide? 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 16 3 What are the two possible factors that the negative effect of GM soya on the newborn pups could be mediated? Firstly, it can be the result of transformation, and insertion of the foreign genes, which could enter into the sexual/stem cells, or/and into cells of the fetus, as it was observed by Schubbert et al. (1998). Secondly, negative effect of GM soya could be mediated by the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Match the words with their definitions. 5 i 10 d 1 f 2 c 3 e 4 a 6 h 7 g 8 j 9 b Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. 1 Fog (限制) visibility. 2 The sun rises from the (水平的) line. 3 Early detection of cancers is (重要地) important. 4 put a coin into the (插入) slot 5 failed to (获得) a scholarship 6 the (功能) of an adjective 7 The magician (改变) the frog into a princess. 8 the official (文件) concerning the sale of this land 9 the determinate (因素) of our economy 10 make a thorough (调查) into the affair restricts horizontal vitally insertion obtain function transformed documents factor investigation Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. 11 (坚持) in ones efforts 12 The artwork was a (构成物) of wire and tubes. 13 working out a payment (方案) 14 Falling rates of child (死亡率) are also significant. 15 eat a small (部分) of food 16 A (残留物) of the shampoo can build up on the hair. 17 (承担) a project with significance 18 be complained of (性别的) harassment 19 have difficulty in becoming (怀孕的) persist construct scheme mortality portion residue undertake sexual pregnant Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 20 The demonstrators (分配) leaflets to passers-by. 21 the old salary paled in (相比) with the offer 22 (组织学) involves looking at cells under a microscope. 23 I (假定) that an agreement will eventually be reached. 24 A(n) (积累) of data will be processed. 25 Smoking is (有害的) to health. 26 All (途径) to the city were blocked. 27 lose the (最佳的) time to defeat the enemy 28 a system used to (分配) a scarce commodity l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. distributed comparison Histology presume accumulation detrimental approaches optimal allocate Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition According to our literature review, (早已得到证实 ) that there are diverse relationships between early life factors and adult health. (以前一些论文认为) that these relationships span a range of health outcomes which, in some instances, manifest several decades later. (论文假定) health outcomes of early biological insults could depend on the subsequent social and biological environment. Our studies prove that adult disease will be more fully understood when account is taken of the combined effects of social and biological risk occurring at different life stages, (正 如图表五所显示的). l Enhancing your academic language Complete the paragraph. it has been well established It was thought in several previous papers It was supposed that as is evident from Table 5 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language 1 风险评估文件中提到，被转变植物中的转基因成分与植物 中所含的其它基因材料都在人和动物的消化道中一并被摧 毁。 2 因此，我们决定进行一项研究来探寻雌性鼠的主要饮食为 美联储大豆（一种转基因食品）的情况下，最常见的转基 因作物对大鼠幼崽生育率、死亡率和体重增加的影响。 3 众所周知，生大豆含有大量的抗营养素如凝集素，胰蛋白 酶抑制剂（普兹泰等人, 1998），以及女性激素类物质， 因此，有必要将没有补充大豆粉控制对照组的动物与这些 数据进行对照研究。 Translate the following sentences from Text 16 into Chinese. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Translate the following sentences from Text 16 into Chinese. 4 更令人吃惊的是，由于幼崽更小，约一半大小，因此会有 更多奶提供给单个的幼崽。 5 然而，没有观测到雌性大鼠的死亡率，也没有观察到存活 的幼崽的死亡率，尽管它们也开始吃转基因大豆，可以推 测，（转基因大豆的）负面影响可能被前面的两个因素中 和了。 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 17 1 What are the main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified foods on health? The main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified (GM) foods on health are the transfer of antibiotic resistance, toxicity and allergenicity. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 17 2 What are the four main approaches by which plants are manipulated by genetic “engineering”? (i) gene insertion using a bacterial vector; (ii) micro ballistic impregnation; (iii) poration (iv) gene neutralisation by means of antisense technology, homologous recombination (gene knock out) and gene replacement. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 17 3 Compared to which are GM foods a precise and safe manner of genetic alteration in plants? Traditional plant breeding methods. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Match the words with their definitions. 5 a 10 h 1 c 2 f 3 i 4 g 6 b 7 d 8 j 9 e Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 1 (严厉的) safety measures 2 (操作) the lights to get the desirable effect 3 (辨别) between right and wrong 4 (促使) her to renew her insurance 5 (进步) in ones career 6 The (方案) no longer seems unrealistic. 7 (推论) a conclusion from facts 8 close (繁殖) 9 a(n) (相反的) decision l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. stringent manipulate distinguish prompt advance scenario derive breeding adverse Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. 10 illness (导致) by overwork 11 (引起) ones interest 12 a great (多样的) of methods 13 (保持) appearance of youth 14 (共识) politics 15 (转移) of wealth from taxpayers to savers 16 social (稳定) 17 make a few (改变) to the house 18 (合并) of the organization induced provoke diversity retain consensus transfer stability alterations incorporation Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 19 a(n) (关键的) point in the campaign 20 a somewhat haphazard and (断断续 续的) schooling 21 the (取代) of conventional weapons by nuclear weapons 22 (修改) a thesis 23 loss (估计) 24 a TV program (着重反映) the unemployment problem l Enhancing your academic language Complete the following expressions or sentences. critical discontinuous replacement revise assessment highlighting Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition (有证据表明) the benefits of cloning are limitless. (提供了一种可能) able to create human organs in order to replace faulty ones. (还确保这样一种可能) stem cells that could be used to cure terminal illnesses, cancer, and several other physical anomalies. (尽管这个技术有很多潜在优点), (但出现一些深深的 担忧，涉及到) medical and ethical problems. l Enhancing your academic language Complete the paragraph. There is evidence that It offers a possibility of being creating potential benefits of this technology serious concerns have been raised concerning both It also ensure a probability of Despite Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition (To be continued) l Enhancing your academic language Complete the paragraph. (主要的担忧是) the frightening possibilities of the creation of “super-humans” with unnatural physical and mental capabilities and idealized “perfect children” for prospective parents. Hence, (我们要谨慎发展) in the future, assessing cloning (在 把其运用到实践中之前，考虑其优点和危险性). The main concerns are on the basis of its merits and risks prior to applying it into practical use proceed cautiously Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition we need to l Enhancing your academic language 1 详细的实验结果表明：巴西坚果中2S蛋白是巴西坚果的主 要过敏原；转基因大豆中的最新显露的蛋白保持了其过敏 性，因此，可能促使对巴西坚果过敏的病人发生临床反应 。 2 第二个问题是：由于不清楚为什么有的蛋白过敏，而有的 不会，因此更难预测新的转基因是否表达新的过敏原、是 否导致再次过敏。 3 但是也存在明显的例外，特别是关于水果过敏原，缺乏这 些特征就不能大胆地预测蛋白不引发过敏。 Translate the following sentences from Text 17 into Chinese. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition l Enhancing your academic language Translate the following sentences from Text 17 into Chinese. 4 不能根据氨基酸序列同源性来预测交叉反应性通常是因为 折叠蛋白中出现了不连续（非线性）氨基酸序列组成的构 象型抗原。 5 有一致的报道建议：对食物的逐级评价应考虑基因的来源 、与已知过敏原进行的氨基酸序列对比、免疫学分析（体 外和体内的）以及基因产物的物理化学性质。 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 1 Genetically modified crops are the most successful agricultural innovation in history. Theyre good for the environment because they keep less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere and they reduce pesticide use. Whats more, they increase crop yield, thus reducing the use of more agricultural areas and improving soil quality. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 2 The speaker has similar opinion as the writer of Text 15. They have positive attitude towards GM food as it can increase crop yield and solve the problems of starvation and soil. But the writer of Text 16 is very cautious about GM food, whose experiment proves that there are some harmful influence of GM food on the birth-weight and survival of rat pups. The writer of Text 17 is a little more optimistic though there are some adverse effects of GM foods. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 1 Definition 2 Two types of research paper Two types of research paper Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay There are two major kinds of academic paper: l primary research paper: the study of a subject through firsthand investigation, involving presenting original ideas and information on your own - survey-or-experiment-based research l secondary research paper: involving gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research - library-or-Internet-based research Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper 1 Text 16 is a primary research essay while Text 17 a secondary research one. 2 Text 16 contains a methods section as it conducts an empirical study. Text 17, however, is an persuasive article based on the analysis of previous and current research findings. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper 1 The first abstract is from the article of primary research, and the second one is form secondary research. According to the abstract, the article carries out a small scale survey designed to ascertain details of student knowledge and misconceptions about these environmental issues. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper In the introduction part of his paper he devises such research questions as “”will the consumers acceptance of GM folds vary from food to food?”, “Is there any different change in the college students attitude toward different GM food products?” and so on. The method he uses is the questionnaires which are administered to students of different majors. The method is appropriate for it can elicit the answers. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper Topic 1. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better. Topic 2. Yes. Topic 3. Yes. Interviews with some experts in this field will be much better. Topic 4. Yes. Interviews with some of the children will be much better. Topic 5. Yes Topic 6. Yes Topic 7. Yes Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper Topic 8. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better. Topic 9. Yes. Topic 10. Yes. Topic 11. Some experiments will be much better. Topic 12. Yes. Topic 13. Yes. Interviews with some of the subjects will be much better. Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay 2 Two types of research paper Elements of an introduction How to make the statement of purpose Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 3 Writing an introduction Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay Elements of an introduction: l 1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned. l 2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms. l 3) Provide the relevant ba