高考英语名词(高考名词专题复习).ppt

高考语法复习系列二高考语法复习系列二 名名 词词 名词 专有名词(Proper Nouns) 普通名词 (Common Nouns) 个体名词(Individual Nouns) 集体名词(Collective Nouns) 物质名词(Material Nouns) 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns) 可数名词 (Countable Nouns) 1. 可数名词的复数 给出下列名词的复数形式 policeman child mouse tooth foot potato hero leaf shelf roof life baby monkey branch thief mosquito policemen children mice teeth feet potatoesheroesleaves shelves roofs lives babies monkeysbranches thieves mosquitoes watch lady fox fly brush tomato inch half kilo piano calf passer-by go- between grown-up girl friend sister-in-law man servant looker-on watchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushes tomatoes inches halveskilos pianos calves passers-bygo-betweens grown-ups girl friends sisters-in-law men servants lookers-on I.可数名词的复数变法 情况加法例词 一般情况 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词 以辅音y结尾的词 以辅音+o 结尾的词 以f或fe结尾的词 加-s 加-es 去y加-ies 多数加-es 把f/fe改成ves Brothers;schools Buses; watches; dishes Ladies; countries Heroes; tomatoes Halves; leaves 不规则名词单复数变化: （1）单复数同形:sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works(工厂), aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss （2）改变字母：man -men, woman -women, policeman -policemen, saleswoman -saleswomen, foot -feet, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, Mouse -Mice , phenomenon -phenomena 另： penny （pence或 pennies） （3）增加字母: child -children, ox -oxen （4）以o结尾的词： 加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco 加es: tomato, potato, hero 另：zero （zeros或 zeroes） （5）以f或fe结尾的词: 直接加s：roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf, 变f为v再加es：life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief 另外：handkerchief （handkerchiefs或handkerchieves） beef（beeves菜牛 、beefs怨言；牢骚） (6) 合成名词的复数形式： 将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数： looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law 将最后一部分变为复数： grown-up(s), go-between(s) (中间人）， good-for-nothing(s) (无用之人） 含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名词： 它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。 如： boy students, girl friends, lady drivers 含man或 woman的合成名词： 它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如： a man doctor, two men doctors A名词只能用复数形式的短语： do exercises （做操） take notes (做笔记） take turns （轮流） make repairs （搞修理） change trains （改换火车） make friends with （交朋友） shake hands with (握手） as follows （如下） in rags （衣衫褴褛） in dozens （成打的） B有些名词单复数形式含义特别 常见woods works waters clothes customs manners sands spirits feelings goods papers surroundings games forces times looks arms conditions Instructions （森林) （工厂） (水域) (衣服) (海关) (礼貌) (沙滩)(精神,烈酒) (感情) (货物) (报纸,文件)(环境) (运动会)(军队) (时代)(外表) (武器) (形式,情况) (说明) II.不可数名词的”数” 1. 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词） in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事 ) Failure(失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。 a failure失败者 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事 2. 抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似 乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. 3. 物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. 4.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范 围之广。如： The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 常见的不可数名词 progress advice fun information furniture work baggage luggage news jewelry weather paper (纸张 ) equipment trouble knowledge homework 有复数形式的不可数名词 有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一 种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作 用。如： Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded. III. 名词单复数的特殊情况: (1) 集体名词只用作复数： police , cattle , people , poultry, the youth (2) 集体名词用作不可数名词: clothing, jewellery, furniture, luggage (baggage), machinery, wealth (3) 集体名词视具体情况而定单复数： family, class, population, staff, crew, couple, public, group, team, party, club, company, government, committee, audience, enemy (4) 只有复数形式的名词: clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, compasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, wages, tears, troops, forces, resources (5) 以s结尾但不表示复数: mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, news, woods(森林), works(工厂) (6) 有没有s结尾意义不同： glass glasses, cloth clothes, work works, water waters, wood woods, goodgoods, time times(时代), paper papers(论文), green greens(青 菜), custom customs(海关), spirit spirits(酒精,情绪 ), light lights(灯), experience experiences(经历), arm arms(武器), iron irons(镣铐,熨斗), compass(指南针) compasses(圆规), (7) 姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩: the Greens ；the Chengs (8) 名词单复数形式意义相同的短语： make faces / a face（做鬼脸） Have talks / a talk with sb.(与某人交谈） Play jokes / a joke on （拿开玩笑） Make contributions / a contribution to （为做贡献） (9)名词单复数意义不同的短语： Have a word with sb. （与某人说句话） Have words with sb. （与某人吵架） Make cloth (织布） Make clothes （制衣） 一:s型用法（有生命的所有格） 有生命的所有格 李平的自行车 汤姆的作品 Tom and Marys father Toms and Marys fathers 2.表某人家，店铺名称，常省去所有格后的名词 At Greens , at my uncles At the tailors Li pings bike Toms works 共有 各有 表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家， 团体，机构等 todays newspaper ten minutes walk the stations waiting room 4.somebody,someone,who+else所 有格加在else 后 如果这字典不是你的，会是谁的？ If this dictionary isnt yours,who elses can it be? 二：of 型 .Of 型（无生命名词所有格） 我们学校的学生 房间的窗户 The students of our school the window of the room 2.双重属格： 既有s的属格，又有of的属格。通常s属格表 示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my