北京四中虚拟语气讲解.doc

14 北 京 四 中高考英语应试常见错误分析 （三） 谓语动词的语气虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是客观存在的事实，而是一种与事实相反的愿望、可能、推测、建议、要求、假设或主观的设想等。它较多地用于条件句。除掌握其基本形式外，我们应着重了解使用虚拟语气的常见句型。1、 had hoped 后面的宾语从句常用“would+动词原形”来表示虚拟语气。2、 would rather与had rather后面的宾语从句常用动词的过去式来表示虚拟语气。3、 在句型“It is (high/about ) that.” 后面的从句常用动词的过去式来表示虚拟语气。4、 wish 后面的宾语从句中，表示现在或将来的愿望时，用动词的过去式或would/could/might+动词原形来表示虚拟语气; 表示过去的愿望时，用had+过去分词或would/could+have+过去分词来表示虚拟语气。5、 在“It is +形容词/过去分词+主语从句”这一句型中，主语从句中用(should)+ 动词原形来表示虚拟语气。常见的这部分形容词/过去分词有：important, necessary, probable, possible, strange,better; ordered, suggested, requested, demanded, required, etc.6、 部分动词后面的宾语从句中，用(should)+ 动词原形来表示虚拟语气。常见的这部分动词有：advise, suggest, insist, order, request, require, beg, demand, intend, desire, decide, etc.7、 部分名词后面的同位语从句中，用(should)+ 动词原形来表示虚拟语气。常见的这部分名词有：suggestion, advice, desire,decision, demand, order, requirement, etc.8、 as if 和 as though后面的从句中，用动词的过去式来表示对现在的虚拟；用would+动词原形来表示对将来的虚拟；用had+过去分词来表示对过去的虚拟。例题1. It is necessary that the manager will sign all of the copies, not A B C just the top one. D解析：A错。在necessary后面的主语从句中，应用虚拟语气，即：用(should)+ 动词原形来表示。所以改为：(should) sign。 2On the heros pale face there was a half-smile that seemed to A B suggest that he be ready to give his life for the country. C D 解析：C错。只有当suggest作“建议”讲时，其后的宾语从句才要用虚拟语气。而此处suggest并不作“建议”讲，而是“表明”的意思，因此其后的宾语从句不能用虚拟语气。故改为：was。3.The headmaster required that all the students are polite to others. A B C D解析：C错。require后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气, 即：用(should)+ 动词原形来表示。故改为：(should) be。2. It was suggested that Jim studies the material more thoroughly A B Cbefore attempting to pass the exam. D解析：B错。be suggested后的主语从句要用虚拟语气, 即：用(should)+ 动词原形来表示。故改为：(should) study。3. She wishes that her parents didnt send her the candy yesterday A B Cbecause shes on a diet. D 解析：B错。根据观察可发现：宾语从句是对过去的虚拟，应该用had+过去分词来表示。故改为：hadnt sent。4. The political candidate talked as if he has already been elected to A B C D the presidency.解析：C错。as if 后面的从句中, 用had+过去分词来表示对过去的虚拟。故改为：had。四、情态动词除了掌握其基本用法外，还应注意以下问题： 1、must表示“必须、不得不”时，其否定式是 neednt或 do not have to；而must not则表示“不许、禁止”。2、need与dare既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词，此时，若要 构成问句和否定句，就需要助动词do/does/did。3、“can+have+过去分词”结构用在问句和否定句中，表示对过去的事情所作的推测。4、“could+have+过去分词”结构用来表示有可能发生在过去的某事，实际上并没有发生。5、“may/might+have+过去分词”结构用来表示对过去的事情所作的推测。 6、“must+have+过去分词”结构用来表示对过去的事情所作的肯定判断。7、“should/ought to+have+过去分词”结构用来表示过去应做而未做的事，含有自责或责备的语气。8、“need not+have+过去分词”结构用来表示过去做了没有必要做的事。 例题1 You shouldnt have run across the road without looking around, you A Bmay be knocked down by a car. C D解析：C错。通过理解可知，对方并没有被车撞倒，这只是说话人对过去的一种推测。所以应改为：might have been。2.He was a good swimmer so he could swim to the river bank when A B C the boat sank. D解析：C错。can 只表示一种能力，而be able to 不光表示具有某种能力，而且最终克服困难做成了某事。所以应改为：was able to。五、非谓语动词：动词不定式对动词不定式，以下这些方面我们必须把握好： 1、不定式作主语时，常使用it作形式主语。 2、当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，一般要用不定式的被动式。但是在某些形容词后面，即使是这样，也不用被动式。 3、某些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语。一定要牢记！ask, afford, agree, decide, demand, dare, expect, fail, happen, hope, hesitate, manage, offer, ought, plan, intend, prepare, pretend, wish, refuse, promise, etc. 4、当不定式作宾语，且后面又有宾语补足语时，通常用it作形式宾语来代替不定式，而把不定式后置。 5、had better, would rather, rather than等词的后面只跟不带to的不定式。 6、介词but, except, than后面可以跟不定式作宾语。 7、下列动词可跟不定式作宾语补足语。 have, let, make, advise, cause, ask, allow, permit, drive, encourage, expect, force, get, intend, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, forbid, etc. 但要注意，使役动词和感官动词：let, have, make, see, feel, hear, watch, notice, observe等后面须跟不带to的不定式。 8、不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，如果不定式有自己的逻辑主语，它通常由for或of引起。 9、动词不定式的一般式表示它与谓语动词同时或之后发生；其完成式则表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。但要注意动词：plan, expect, intend, wish, mean, want, suppose, would (should)like等后面的不定式完成式则表示原打算要做而最终未做成的事情。 例题：1. Dont forget bringing your English-Chinese dictionary with you when A B you come here next week. C D解析：A错。Forget表示“未做某事”时，后面只能跟不定式作宾语。因此应改为：to bring。2. I havent decided if to go to the cinema or to stay at home. A B C D解析：A错。不定式前面不能用连词if, 只能用whether。3. There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meetingA B C held the day after tomorrow. D 解析：D错。这里不应用过去分词作定语，因为会议还未举行，应改为不定式to hold作定语。4. It took her nearly half a year to find his address, only learning that he A Bhad passed away ten years before. C D 解析：B错。动词的ing形式不能作结果状语，只有不定式可作结果状语，故而改为：to learn。5. The babysitter was made feed two children and do some cleaning. A B C D解析：A错。虽然make后面跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但是，当其变为被动语态时，则要加上to，故而改为：to feed。6. Contrary to common practice, he let his daughter studying at home A Binstead of sending her to a school nearby. C D 解析：B错。let后面只有跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，不能跟动词的ing形式作宾语补足语，故而改为：study。六、非谓语动词：动词的ing-形式1、 以下动词只能跟ing-形式作宾语，不能跟不定式。advise, admit, avoid, allow, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse,finish, imagine, include, mention, miss, mind, practise, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand,etc. 2、在动词need, require, want(需要)后面通常只跟ing-形式的主动式，但仍然表示被动含义。 3、有些动词虽然既可跟ing-形式作宾语，也能跟不定式作宾语，但其意义有较大差异。如： （1）“ forget+不定式” 表示“忘了要做某事”； “forget+ ing-形式” 表示“忘了做过某事” （2）“try+不定式” 表示“努力、企图做某事”； “try+ ing-形式” 表示“试试用某种办法做某事” （3）“mean+不定式” 表示“打算做某事”； “mean+ ing-形式” 表示“意味着、意思是” 4、ing-形式作状语时，其逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语。如若不是，则就要带上自己的逻辑主语，通常由人称代词的宾格或形容词性物主代词来充当其逻辑主语。 5、注意一些固定的句式： Its good/useless /fun + ing-形式。 Its no use/a waste of+ ing-形式。 6、ing-形式的一般式表示其动作与谓语动作同时发生； ing-形式的完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动作之前。 7、ing-形式的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动关系，其区别在于：ing-形式的被动式表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为；而及物动词的过去分词则表示被修饰的名词已经承受的行为。8、look forward to (盼望)和be used to(习惯于)这两个短语中的to都是介词，后面应跟ing-形式，不跟不定式。例题 1、He looked at the children to play under the tree and felt pleased. A B C D 解析：B错。句意是：他看孩子们在树下玩。因此应用ing-形式来作宾语补足语，即改为：playing。2 Having broken a vase, the boy stood still without dare to raise his head. A B C D 解析：C错。without是介词，不能跟不定式作宾语，而应跟ing-形式作宾语，故而改为：daring。3 Seated himself in a chair, Mr Crossett began to look through the A B C evening paper and suddenly he heard a knock at the door. D 解析：A错。Seat这一动作的逻辑主语应是Mr Crossett，而他是这一动作的发出者，不是承受者，应用ing-形式，故而改为：Seating。4 The room was too cold for a ninety-year-old woman to live in, so A Bthey made a fire to get the temperature risen. C D 解析：D错。这里的rise是不及物动词，temperature与它之间是主动关系而非被动关系，因此也应用ing-形式：rising。5 Why not try to put in more sugarthat might make it taste a bit A B C better. D解析：B错。这里要表达的是：试着往里加点儿糖，而不是想法往里加点儿糖，故应用ing-形式，而不是不定式。改为：putting in七、非谓语动词：过去分词 1、要注意领会下列几组动词的ing形式和过去分词之间的区别。 surprising （令人吃惊的） surprised（感到惊讶的） interesting （有趣的） interested（感兴趣的） exciting （令人激动的） excited（感到激动、兴奋的）disappointing （令人失望的）disappointed（感到失望的） encouraging （鼓舞人心的） encouraged（感到鼓舞的） 2、动词have和 get可跟过去分词作宾语补足语，此时，句子的主语通常不是这个动作的发出者。 3、在使用过去分词作状语和定语时，要正确判断过去分词和其逻辑主语之间应是被动关系，亦即其逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。 例题 1、Wore out by hunger and tiredness, the fishermen did not get to the A B C coast until midnight. D解析：A错。wear out和其逻辑主语the fishermen之间是被动关系，也就是说，the fishermen是wear out这个动作的承受者，而非发出者。所以应用过去分词Worn out。2. It is certain that when completing, the 460-metre-tall TV tower in A B CShanghai will add colour to the city. D complete这个动作的逻辑主语是TV tower,它们之间形成的是被动关系，故应用过去分词when completed。3Most people expect their electing officials to be honest. A B C D 解析：B错。elect与其修饰的名词officials之间是被动关系，故应用过去分词elected。在线测试单项选择1. May I use your pen? Yes, you _. Must we water the flowers now? No, you _. A. may，needntB. can, cantC. can, needntD. can, mustnt2. You must have seen the film last night, _ you? A. mustntB. isntC. didntD. havent3. My mother is out. I _ look after my little sister. A. canB. have toC. mayD. must4. They made a decision _ showing the film until next week. A. putting offB. to put upC. putting upD. to put off5. I happened _ with Jane excitedly when John called me up.A. to talk B. to speak C. to be saying D. to be talking6. _ we must work hard at it. A. So as to master EnglishB. So that master English C. In order to master EnglishD. In order that master English7. _ with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful. A. To compareB. ComparedC. CompareD. Comparing8. The rain came _. A. pouredB. pouringC. to pourD. pour9. Excuse _ without _. A. my coming in, being askedB. me for coming in, asking C. me to come in, being askedD. my coming in, asking10. _ what will happen. A. There is no tellingB. There is no your telling C. There are not tellingD. There is not to tell答案。本题主要考查对由may引导的征求意见的问句，肯定用may, 否定用mustnt；对由must引导的问句，肯定用must，否定用neednt。本题主要考查由must（一定）引出的表示对现在或过去的推测时，其反意问句的提法应根据每句的具体时态来选用助动词。本题主要考查“妈妈不在家”是个客观事实，因此“我不得不”；must（必须）是指主观愿望。题主要考查made a decision to do sth. =decide to do sth.。本题主要考查happen to do sth. 这一词组，且when引导的时间状语从句暗示动作的同时性，故用动词不定式进行式。本题主要考查so as to和in order to与动词不定式连用，表示目的，so as to引出的目的状语只能放在句尾，in order to引出的目的状语在句首句尾均可。7。本题主要考查compared与其逻辑主语the new building是被动关系，故用过去分词。8。本题主要考查pouring是方式状语，表示下雨的程度。本题主要考查第二个空前的without是介词，又根据句意得知应用动名词被动式；第一个空前的动词excuse要求后面动词作宾语时，须用动名词，这类动词和词组有：mind, finish, enjoy, avoid, risk, prctise, cant help, keep, imagine, escape, consider, appreciate, give up, object to, stick to, devote. to, prevent. from, look forward to, pay attention to, insist on等，且通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语就是在动名词前加上相应的形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式。10。本题主要考查句型“There is no+主语”中，须用动名词作主语。There is no telling. =It is impossible to tell. 。完型填空2001年春季招生 People do not analyse every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a 26 problem. They often accept the opinion or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without 27 ; they try to find a solution by trial and error. 28 , when all of these methods 29 , the person with a problem has to start analysing. There are six 30 in analysing a problem. 31 the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sams bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to calls as he usually does. Sam must 32 that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next the person must 33 the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work. For 35 that will make the problem clearer and lead to 36 solutions. For example, suppose Sam 37 that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the brakes. 38 , he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes, 39 his friends at the bike shop, or look at his brakes carefully. After 40 the problem, the person should have 41 suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an example 42 , his suggestions might be: tighten or loosen the brakes; buy new brakes and change the older ones. In the end, one 43 seems to be the solution 44 the problem. Sometimes the 45 idea comes quite 46 because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a 47 way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum (口香糖) stuck to a brake. He 48 hits on the solution to his problem; he must 49 the brake. Finally the solution is 50 . Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly. In short he has solved the problem.26. A. seriousB. usualC. similarD. common27. A. practiceB. thinkingC. understandingD. help28. A. practice B. InsteadC. OtherwiseD. However29. A. fail B. workC. changeD. develop30. A. waysB. conditionC. stagesD. orders31. A. FirstB. UsuallyC. In generalD. Most importantly32. A. explainB. proveC. showD. see33. A. judgeB. findC. describeD. face34. A. checkB. determineC. correctD. recover35. A. answersB. skillsC. explanationD. information36. A. possible B. exactC. realD. special37. A. hopesB. arguesC. decidesD. suggests38. A. In other wordsB. Once in a while C. First of allD. At this time39. A. look forB. talk toC. agree withD. depend on40. A. discussingB. settling downC. comparing withD. studying41. A. extraB. enoughC. severalD. countless42. A. secondlyB. againC. alsoD. alone43. A. suggestionB. conclusionC. decisionD. discovery44. A. withB. intoC. forD. to45. A. nextB. clearC. finalD. new46. A. unexpectedly B. lateC. clearlyD. often47. A. simpleB. differentC. quickD. sudden48. A. fortunatelyB. easilyC. clearlyD. immediately49. A. cleanB. separateC. loosenD. remove50. A. recordedB. completedC. testedD. accepted答案 26。从上下文的意思可知，人们不总是对每一个问题作出分析。他们往往根据上次所遇到的与之相同的问题中找出解决的办法。 27。有时，人们不经过思考便开始行动。他们在失误中找出解决问题的方法。 28。从上下句的关系看，它们是转折关系。当这些方法失败后，他们就会开始分析。 29。如果用上述的方法人们可以取得成功，他们当然就不需要分析了。所以，只有当他们失败后，他们才开始分析。 30。stage的意思是“步骤”。分析问题有六个步骤。 31。上文中提到分析问题有六个步骤。自然这是第一个步骤。 32。see在这句话的意思是“明白”。当Sam的自行车不能像正常一样骑时，他应该明白，自行车出了毛病。 33。要解决问题，当然要找到问题的所在。 34。在修自行车前，要先确定是自行车的哪个部件发生了问题。 35。为了使问题明了，一个人必须收集有关的信息。 36。当收集信息后，就有可能找出解决的方法。 37。对出现的问题做出决定。 38。At this time的意思是“这时”。 39。与朋友交谈，得到有关修车闸的知识。 40。要解决问题，必须对问题进行研究。study不仅有“学习”的意思，还有“研究”的意思。 41。经过对问题的研究。一个人就会得到可能解决问题的一些建议。 42。因为仍然是例举的Sam修自行车的例子，所以要填again。 43。从上文的意思可知，在提出的一些对问题可能解决的建议中，有一个建议可能解决问题。 44。对问题的解决方法或答案要用介词to。 45。从句子的意思可知，是最终的主意。 46。因为是突然产生的新的想法，所以最终解决问题的方法常常出人意料之外。 47。用不同的方法思考问题。 48。当一个个发现自行车车闸的问题原来是沾上了口香糖，他当然会马上把它拿掉。 49。去掉口香糖的方法是清洗车闸。 50。只有经过检验，才能证明解决问题的方法的正确性。阅读理解 NMET2000 春招 The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel (海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123 000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds (品种) of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War , when the Germans held the islands for five years. Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, the customs are more French than English. 1. Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Island? 2. Jersey, Guernsey, and Alde rney breeds of breeds of cattle are _. A. considered best in England B. named after their birthplaces C. brought to the islands by the Germans D. raised on well-known farms by the French 3. The Channel Islands have been continuously under British rule since _. A. earliest known history B. 1066 C. 1930s D. the end of World War 4. Why do people on the Channel Islands follow French way of living? A. Their islands used to be part of France. B. Their islands are often visited by the French. C. They came from France. D. They speak French.答案。从第一自然段“10-30miles off the French coast, and 70-90 miles from the English coast”可得知项为正确答案。由第一自然段可知。题干中有一个明显的提示词“continuously”（连续地），故应选项。由第二自然段第一句话可知。Tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree系条黄丝带在老橡树上Im coming home, Ive done my timeNow Ive got to know what is and isnt mineIf you received my letterTelling you Id soon be freeThen youll know just what to doIf you still want me, if you still want meTie a yellow ribbon around the old oak treeIts been three long yearsDo you still want meIf I dont see a ribbon around the old oak treeIll stay on the bus, forget about usPut the blame on meIf I dont see a yellow ribbon around the old oak treeBut driver, please look for meCause I couldnt bear to see what I might seeIm really still in prisonAnd my love she holds the keySimple yellow ribbon what I need to set me freeIve wrote and told her pleaseNow the whole damn bus is cheeringAnd I cant believe I see A hundred yellow ribbons around the old oak tree我的刑期已满，正要赶路回家我必须知道那些东西还属于我若妳收到了我的信告诉你我将重获自由那么，你知道该怎么做如果你还要我的话在老橡树上系条黄丝带漫长的三年过去了你还要我吗如果我看见老橡树上没有黄丝带的话我会留在巴士上，忘了我俩的过去责怪我自己如果我看见老橡树上没有黄丝带的话司机，请帮我看一下因为我无法忍受即将看到的我其实仍在牢中只有吾爱握有钥匙我需要的仅是黄丝带，即可将我释放我已写信告诉过她现在整车的乘客都在欢呼我无法相信我所看到的-老橡树上挂满了上百条的黄丝带！ 这首节奏轻快的西洋歌曲，若不看歌词，说实在还真不晓得它在唱什么东东。这首歌曲的内容，是一则发生在美国的真实故事。故事的主角是一位因倒闭破产而被判服刑三年的男子，在出狱前夕，他写了一封信给在乔治亚