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CET-4 应试准备 四级能力基本要求 n能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般题材文章, 掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实与细 节,能进行一定的分析、推理和判断,领会 作者的观点和态度, 阅读速度达到每分钟70 词。在阅读篇幅较长、阅读难度略低, 生词不 超过总词数的3的材料时, 能掌握中心大意 ,抓住主要事实和有关细节,速度达到每分 钟100词。 n考试题型概述 n阅读的比重为35%。其中,仔细阅读的文章2篇, 分数占全卷的20%,题型为广大考生熟悉的四选一 。 n另两种阅读考查方法:快速阅读和选词填空。选词填 空考查方式为:在一篇220字左右的文章中,从给出 的15个备选单词中选出10个填入文章空白处。(简而 言之,15个萝卜10个坑。) n另外,快速阅读要求在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左 右的文章和后面的10道题,前7个是单选,后3个是 填空题(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。由此不难 看出,“快速+准确”是今后四级阅读部分考查的重点 。 n今后大家要多练习提高自己的阅读速度和阅读效率。 n 提高阅读能力是一个循序渐进的过程。按照文章从微观到宏观的构 成来分析,它需要考生在以下几方面依次提高: 一、单词 单词是文章的细胞,是理解的基础。但是,单词却是很多四级考 生的最主要问题。四级阅读部分的很多难词,会在真题中反复出现并 影响你的做题速度与准确性。比如2010年12月63题: n63. Linda Waites studies support the idea that _. nA older men should quit smoking to stay healthy nB marriage can help make up for ill health nC the married are happier than the unmarried nD unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life n原文:Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. ncompensate对理解很重要,题干中出现的同义词make up for。 阅读能力的培养 n再如:10年6月60题: n60. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow? A) To distinguish them from the colour of the plane. B) To caution people to handle them with care. C) To make them easily identifiable. D) To conform to international standards. n原文: The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. visibility不会的话此题无法作答。 n 二、句子 单词有了一定保证后,能力提高的中心就应当从 单词转向句子。因为在一篇文章里,句子才是真正的 基本单位。如何理解长句难句又是考生的一大困境。 一般说来,只要考生经常接触长难句,增强语感,掌 握一定的语法知识,都是有助于考生提高理解力的。 但这种泛泛的方法对考生并没有实质性的帮助,只有 分析长难句的构成特点和理解方法才真正有用。综合 历年四级阅读的长难句,我们可以发现,有两类长难 句经常出现:一是主谓分离型;一是环环相扣型。 长难句分析 word文档 n(1)主谓分离型: 如:2008-6四级题中有句子: The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.很多学生认为该句子的谓语是 leave,很显然他们不习惯主谓分离的句子结构。分析 四级阅读主谓分离的长难句后,我们不难发现这类句 子开始的名词一般就是主语,这是理解句子的突破点( 这个规律并不绝对,但在四级阅读中比较明显)。按此 方法,上面这个句子的主语是The digital bread crumbs 谓语便是是make了。 n(2)环环相扣型:2008年6 月份四级阅读出现的一个长 难句:Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷) 句子较长 ,很多同学并不能较好理解该句子。但如果借用分层 思想,把句子进行分割解剖,这句话就可以分为以下 四个简单的部分: Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷) 这样就好理解了。有助于帮助后面65 题的作答。 n三、段落 单词和句子是基层的,侧重于理解;而段落是高层 的,侧重于理解和概括。 在认知单词没有多大问题,理解长难句有一定思 路的时候,考生还要锻炼段落的概括能力。从近几年 的考试变化来看,推理性题目的数量在增加。推理性 的题目难度一大,就会涉及概括能力。而与此时,四 级中也存在直接问段落大意的题目,这些都要求考生 在理解句子的基础上,再提高一个层次,尝试概括段 落主题。阅读理解的题型主要有: nThe main idea of the passage is _. nWe can infer from the passage that _. 此类题做题技巧后面再作具体简介。 n四、文章结构 如果说单词是最微观的,那么文章结构就是最宏 观的。考生在平时练习时,切忌不要只是停留在做题 ,因为把文章真正搞懂更有意义。当文章段落数量少 的时候,文章结构相对容易把握;而文章段落一旦增加 ,一个话题就会被分解为几个段落,这时文章结构就 会因为松散而难把握。所以,我们有必要了解一下文 章的篇章结构,做到心中有数。 语篇结构(1) n语篇结构模式是文章内容的组织形式,它能帮助读者把握文 章的写作思路,预测语篇展开的内容。考试涉及的语篇结构 模式主要有以下四种: 1. 观点论证型 这是议论文常见的一种结构模式,它可以细分为“观点 例证 结论”和“理论 定义 举例”。例如10年6月 passage 2就属此类结构。对于这种类型的文章,重点是掌 握作者的观点立场相关的论证。 2. 问题解决型 这种类型的文章一般采用“问题 原因 解决”或“问 题 后果 建议”的结构,它常以社会现象或社会问题 为素材,如08年12月passage 2,此类文章需要我们把握作 者的立场和文章的主要细节。 语篇结构(2) 3. 现象解释型 这种类型的文章一般采取“现象 解释 意义 ”或“事物 特点 意义”的结构形式,如09年12 月passage 2,09年6月passage 1。此类文章主要 考察我们对文章细节的理解能力。 4. 选择对比型 这种类型的文章一般采取“事物 优缺 结 论”或“事物 别人观点 作者观点”,如10年6 月passage 2,此类文章考察我们对作者立场和文 章细节的理解能力。 四级考试阅读理解部分主要测 试下述能力 1掌握所读材料的主旨和大意; 2了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节; 3既理解字面意思,也能根据所读材料进行 一定的判断和推论; 4既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文的 逻辑关系。 仔细阅读 阅读理解的题型和解题技巧 阅读理解的题型主要有以下几种: (1)主旨题,如:The main idea of the passage is _. (2)事实或细节题,如:According to the passage, what happened to _? (3)辨义题,如:The word X (line Y) refers to/probably means _. (4)推断题,如:We can infer from the passage that _. (5)作者态度或文章格调题,如: In the passage the authors attitude toward X is _. The tone of the passage can be best described as _. (一)如何准确地获取主旨大意 理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。这种句 子表达的意思比较概括,结构比较简单,段落中必定有其他句 子来解释、支撑或发展主题句。一般来说,在一个段落中,主 题句的位置有四种情况: 1. 主题句在段首:有主题句的段落中,主题句位于段首的可能 性最大。此种段落用演绎法撰写:先提出论点,具体说明或扩 展主题句所表达的思想,然后再做结论。 例: People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what are called fast foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries, and a soft drink. Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A) Some people like steak and others like red meat. B) Vegetables are very healthy to you . C) Food preparation has a lot to do with peoples tastes. D) Different people have different tastes in food. D 2. 主题句在段尾:这种段落通常用归纳法来撰写。位于段尾 的主题句往往概括了前面表述的细节、归纳的要点以及所得 出的观察印象或结果。 例: In a student cafeteria, the students serve themselves. When they have finished, they take their dirty dishes back to a special table. In this way the cost of employing cafeteria staff is reduced because there is no need for waiters. Secondly, the cafeteria makes no profit, which reduces the cost by at least ten percent. On account of these two factors, the Student Union Cafeteria should be able to provide meals at a lower cost than restaurants in town. 3. 主题句在段中:当主题句位于段中时,段落开 始的句子主要表述了要论述的中心思想,其余部分都围绕中 心思想去引述和解释。这一类的段落包括三个层次:引题、 主题、解释。 例: Joe is happy about being on a bowling team that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing basketball twice a month. During the summer, he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly, he loves to watch a football game or a golf or tennis match. 4. 主题句暗含在段中:不是所有的段落内都有明显的主题句 。阅读这样的文章,要正确理解作者提供的细节、事实及观 点,并在大脑中形成印象, 然后发挥自己的逻辑思维和概括能力,综合归纳成一 个切合文章主题的概念。例: The snow was falling very heavily. The sky was very cloudy. The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour. It was 18 degrees outside. It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you. Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A)Its cold outside. B) Its wintertime. C) The weather is changeable. D) The weather is stormy. 这类题有一些固定的提问方式,例如: D n 1. What is the main idea of the passage? n2. With what topic (theme, subject) is the passage primarily concerned? n3. What is the best title of the passage? n4. What does the passage mainly discuss? n5. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? n主旨题解题小结 n 方法:(1)要着重理解首末段,首末句(2)若主旨 在文章中间出现或前后段意转折时,应提高警惕(3) 若段中出现转折时,该转折句很可能就是主题句(4) 作者有意识重复的观点往往是主旨(5)首段出现疑问 句时,对该疑问的解答就是主旨(6)主旨出现时常伴 有如下词:but, however, therefore, in short n 选项特点:(1)正确选项一般不含细节信息,并不 含过分肯定或绝对意义的词(2)错误选项的特点是就 事论事,或细节信息鲜明,或过于笼统。 n(二)识别阅读材料中重要的细节和事实 n 在阅读中,文章的思想必须通过许多具体信息和事实 来进一步说明或解释。细节题在阅读测试中占有很大的比 例。 n1. 作题的关键在于返回原文,不要凭印象作题,返回原文 要有定位意识。 n2. 细节题迷惑选项的常用手段:偷换概念、扩大范围、正 反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断(列举和文章无关的常识,尽 管常识是对的,但文章中未提,也是错的) n例: nWe wont have to worry about the suns running out of energy for another several billion years or so. Besides begin an endless source of energy, the use of the sun has other advantages as well. The sun doesnt offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel plants add to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need sources of energy, but we wont need as much. That means we can cut down on our pollution problems. nWhich of the following statements is correct? A) Energy from coal would not pollute our living environment. B) Energy from natural gas would not pollute our living environment. C) Energy from the sun would not pollute our living environment. D) Energy from oil would not pollute our living environment. 通过上例可以看出,理解文章细节的特点是:大多 数正确答案都可从阅读材料中找到对应文字去证实。 但需注意的是,这些问题的表述常常不采用文章中的 原话,而是使用同义词语来进行提问。因此,在回答 问题时要仔细审题,用快读法(Skimming)浏览全文, 找到文章中相应的部分,然后用扫描法(Scanning)去 寻找考题的有关内容。切勿脱离短文而根据其他背景 知识或自己的想象去选择答案。常见的句型有: 1.Which of the following statements is (not) true (correct)? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3. All of the following are true except _. 4. The author (or The passage) states that _. 5. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) _? (三)猜测词义(10年12月57,58,64,都是猜词) n形式一:词汇题 第一,从构词法猜测词义 (1)词缀 A.前缀 B. 后缀 C.词根 Root meaning example vis see visible vit life vitalize son sound stereosonic sci know conscientious pel push compellable nomin name nominator mot death immortality loqu speak colloquialism lingu language bilingualism insul island peninsular gon angle pentagon (2)合成法 如:black-market deaf-mute bloodstrain (3)混合法 混合法就是把一组词各截取一部分从而构成一个新的 单词。例如: Amerind: American+Indian advertistics: advertising+statistics sitcom: situation+comedy psywar: psychological+warfare smog: smoke+fog Spanglish: Spanish+English 第二,从上下文猜测词义 利用上下文猜词义有下列几种: (1)根据定义或解释猜词义 例: Precipitation, commonly referred to as rain fall, is a measure of the quantity of water in the form of either rain, hail, or snow which reaches the ground. (2)利用反义词猜词义 例: Parents who constantly whip their children can hardly be called lenient. (3)根据上下文猜词义 例: New York, Tokyo, Paris and other cosmopolitan cities are exciting places to live in. (4)利用因果关系猜测词义 例: Some chemical compounds show deliquescence because they become a liquid absorbing moisture from the air. (5)利用常识经验猜测词义 例: If you have ever been without meat or other animal foods for some days of weeks (say, for religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. n形式二:指代题 n 1. 标志:在题干中明确指出原文中某个代词 ,要求辨别其指代关系,即it, that, one n 2. 做题方法: n(1)首先返回原文定位此指代词,90%向上, 10%向下,搜索其指代的词、词组或句子。 n(2)在四个选项中找出一个同义表达作为答案。 检测猜词能力题型的提问方式常见的有: 1. What does mean? 2. By which of the following could the word “” be best replaced? 3. “” most probably means that _. 4. By “”, the author means _. 5. Which of the following is the nearest meaning to “”? 1. (四)怎样进行逻辑推断 2. 逻辑推理题是阅读理解测试中最常见的问题,而且具 有一定的难度。该题型主要是测试考生对文章中作者隐含的 意义能否正确理解。 例1: Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine? Some stars have used up all their fuel. These are called “dead stars”. Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy, because they seem to push and pull other stars around them. Since we cannot see these dead stars, how do we know they exist? Scientists can determine their existence by studying the movements of stars that do shines. The story implies, but does not directly state that dead stars _. A)affect other stars B) are too far away to be seen C) force all smaller stars away D) do reflect light A 这类推断一般包括数据事实推断、常识推断、逻辑结论以及推 断作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等。常有以下几种形式的问 题: 1. The author (passage) implies (suggests) that _. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that _. 3. It can be concluded from the passage that _. 4. It can be seen from the passage that _. 5. The passage is intended to _. (五)怎样识别作者的态度和观点 一篇文章总是要反映作者个人的写作目的、态度和情绪 的。尤其在表明态度时,作者往往要用一些带个人感情色彩 或有褒贬之分的词汇。因此,考生要特别细心地注意作者在 描述事实和表达观点时所使用的词汇。其提问形式有: 1. The authors attitude toward is _. 2. What is the tone of the passage? 3. The tone of the passage can be best described as _. 4. The author thinks that _. 5. The writer probably feels that _. 例: Divide the human race into twenty parts, and there will be nineteen composed of those who work with their hands and who will never know that there was a Locke in the world; in the twentieth part remaining, how few are there who can read, and among those who can, there will be twenty who read romances, to one who studies science. The number of those who can think is excessively small. The authors attitude toward those who know about Locke is one of _. A) respect B) wonder C) adulation D) affection 下面是一些询问作者态度和文章格调问题中 C 各个选项的常用词: informative objective subjective laudatory approving disapproving positive negative doubtful critical optimistic cheerful hopeful pessimistic upset unhappy sad gloomy discouraged guilty sentimental emotional sensitive frightening exciting serious sincere humorous playful respectful reverent indifferent cynical mocking ironic sarcastic comical tragic honest literal factual exaggerate formal informal n 快速阅读和选词填空 n1. 如何应对快速阅读 快速阅读并不强调一定要像精 读文章那样通篇认真研究,相反,快速阅读题目更强 调测试考生在实践语言环境中查询有效信息的能力。 n1)阅读题目以预测文章内容 n2)略读(skimming)和寻读(scanning)巧妙搭配面 对快速阅读这样一种新题型,考生应该巧妙地将略读 和寻读两种方法结合起来。而不要机械、孤立地使用 某一种阅读方法。 n略读(或称为跳跃式阅读)的重点在于快速了解文章 的中心思想。略读的方法是首先看一下标题(在有标 题的情况下)。接着读第一段,抓住中心思想。再浏 览一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后读完结尾段。 n 寻读的重点在于有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信 息。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查 询的信息范围。同时明确查询信息的特点。如:问 题或选项中所涉及到的人名、地名,则主要寻找首 字母大写的单词;有关日期、数目的问题,则主要 查找具体数字;有关某个事件、某种观点等,就需 要寻找与此相关的关键词,而与所查信息无关的内 容可一掠而过。 n应注意的问题如下: n一、逻辑关系在快速阅读中的运用 n 快速阅读理解能力的提高是有一定方法可循的,为 此我们首先提示考生应该尤其注意文章逻辑关系在 快速阅读中的运用。逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内 部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系 有以下几种: n 1、因果关系:as a result ,therefore, hence,consequently,because, for, due to, hence, consequently等等。 n 2、并列、递进关系:and, or, then,in addition,besides,in other words, moreover等等 n 3、转折关系:however,but, yet, in fact 等等。 n这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文 章中起的效果,并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子 ,从阅读的角度来看,其实同时在给我们某 种提示,告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息,相 对重要的信息,哪些信息是相对不重要的信 息,因为我们在处理文章的时候,有一条清 晰的思路,你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行 阅读,而是为了获取主旨来阅读。 n 例如:You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You dont think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You dont have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up. n 我们注意到,在该段尾部出现了“But”。这里的 “But”,说明作者陈述的内容的逻辑主旨发生了变化 ,因此,转折逻辑词之前的信息就变得不重要了, 简单的处理方法是可以仅保留阅读转折词之后的信 息。 n 相应地,并列、递进关系词,意味着它们 前后衔接的信息从主旨的体现上没有发生变 化,而更多的表现为前后句子主旨的相似性 ,所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读。这样 ,在保证了阅读质量的基础上,也极大地提 高了阅读速度。如样题中“How Is a Landfill Operated?”一段中: n Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled. nIn addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. n注意到“In addition”,该词的出现意味着其后内 容和上一段信息主旨基本一致,可以放弃本句的阅 读。 n二、标点符号在快速阅读中的运用 n 可以运用标点符号(破折号、小括号、冒号) 了解不认识的词汇或句子的含义。因为这些 标点符号的出现就是为了更进一步地解释其 前的信息。但同时,由于快速阅读用词相对 比较简单,很容易理解和把握标点前的被解 释信息,所以,可以将这些标点符号后面的 信息删除,从而更加快速地把握文章的主旨 。 n例如样题中有下列信息: nDumpan open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most peoples idea of a landfill!) n Landfillcarefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil. n Sanitary landfillland fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment n Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment n 注意到在“Dump”、“ Landfill”之后分别有一个破折号, 如果我们已经明白该标点的意义就在于后面的信息对前者进一 步进行解释,那么就可以在明白这些单词基本含义的基础上, 放弃其后信息的阅读,因为,阅读理解,我们更强调的是对文 章主旨信息的把握,而不是具体的细节信息。 n三、特殊信息点在快速阅读中的运用 n 所谓“特殊信息点”是指那些很容易在文章中 识别的词汇,诸如,时间,数字,大写字母 等形式的语言点。这些形式的表达一方面很 容易识别出来,另一方面,这些信息点的表 现的一般都是文章的琐碎信息,对于主旨的 理解和把握而言,不过是更进一步论证而已 。因此,可以忽略这些信息的阅读。如果后 面测试的题点中确实涉及到了,再回来细读 也无妨,毕竟它们的表现形式非常利于查找 和定位判断。 n如下面一段中: n Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). n再如样题中“How Is Trash Disposed of”一段中: n The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. n我们注意到上面的描述中充斥了大量的数字性的词 汇,可以判断该部分信息为具体的描述,在处理的 时候,可以放弃阅读。 n四、寻读在快速阅读中的运用 n 寻读的目的主要是有目标地去找出文中某些特定的 信息,也就是说,在对文章有所了解(即略读)后,在 文章中查找与某一问题、某一观点或某一单词有关的 信息,寻找解题的可靠依据。寻读时,要以很快的速 度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围。值得庆幸的是 ,在四级快速阅读的测试文章中,已经有了明确的小 标题,这就能够帮助我们很快地锁定解题范围。同时 ,还应该注意题目中体现出的所查信息的特点。如: 问题或填空的句子中涉及到人名、地名,则主要寻找 首字母大写的单词;有关日期、数目的问题,则主要查 找具体数字;有关某个事件、某种观点等,就需要寻找 与此相关的关键词,而与所查信息无关的内容可一掠 而过。 n如此题:In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments. n 在判断时,一些特殊的用词,“United States”, “building of landfills”都提示我们顺利找到原文的“In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities.”来判 断正误。 n再如:To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay a tipping fee of . 则可以通 过“customers”、“ tipping fee”找到原文“Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton.”来填写 空格。 n总的来说,快速阅读理解部分由于其篇幅长,题目 灵活,会让考生感觉无从下手。但是,对于该题型 我们有一个清晰的概念,那就是快速阅读测试的重 点就是考生在短时间内获取篇章主旨和特定信息的 能力,因此,它更强调了正确的阅读方法和技巧的 贯彻。只要我们掌握一定的方法,培养好的阅读习 惯,还是很容易在一段时间内取得满意的成绩。 n2. 篇章层次的词汇理解 n 典型的“15个萝卜10个坑”。 n1)把15选项进行归类,写上每个单词的类别 。 n2)阅读文章,了解大意。按照英语语言习惯 ,根据英语单词在句子中的位置和意义,找

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