关于龟体内外寄生虫病的防治介绍.doc

关于体内外寄生虫病的防治介绍进入夏季后，是寄生虫病发病的高峰期。所以在这里简单得介绍一下寄生虫病的危害及防治步骤：【体内寄生虫病】 一.病因：野外或家养的龟在进食时，将食物中或粪便中的寄生虫体、卵食入体内。一般会寄生在肠道、呼吸道、胃部、肺部、肝脏等器官。其虫种有：蛔虫、绦虫、球虫、线虫、锥虫、毛滴虫、吊钟虫、血簇虫、棘头虫等。 二.症状及危害：病龟的食欲不振、厌食，体质下降并消瘦，并伴有腹泻、下痢或便秘、呕吐、粪便中有寄生虫及虫卵等症状。寄生虫对龟的危害表现在：夺取营养物质；破坏消化和排泄系统；吸取血液；虫体的毒素对龟体的毒害性；虫体的机械性对体内的损伤和阻塞；引入其它病原体等。这些危害作用的综合，可引起龟体生长发育受阻，机体抵抗力下降，并易引发其他疾病，严重者停食甚至死亡。 三.防治：首先，喂食之前应检查食物中是否存有寄生虫或虫卵，并仔细清理干净。严禁投喂腐烂变质的食物，这点对偶尔可喂肉食的陆龟尤为重要！对新购的垫材要予以检查及消毒。其次，对新购的龟种最好进行驱虫并观察粪便中是否有虫。特别是野生个体较多的龟种，如凹甲、靴脚、缅陆、印陆、四爪、黄腿等。对新购的龟（特别是野生龟）用药可选择爬虫专用驱虫药或肠虫清进行针管灌服，药量可根据龟的体重50毫克/千克或腹甲长度6-10cm，1/10-1/8片；10cm-20cm，1/8-1/6片；20cm-30cm以上，1/6-1/4片而定。每三个月一次为一个疗程。对于已发现寄生虫的龟应立即驱虫，并及时清理粪便。使用药物及药量同上。也可以使用：甲苯达唑（安乐士），剂量每千克体重20-25毫克；噻苯达唑，剂量每千克体重50-100毫克；硫苯咪唑，剂量每千克体重50-100毫克。每两周一次为一个疗程。 灌服的方法：找个很小的容器把药片溶在温水里，再找个口服液用的吸管，吸一些（药量根据龟的大小自己掌握），用舌头顶住吸管一头，将另一头插入龟嘴内的舌头后方（将龟竖立），避免药液流入气管。送开舌头药液自然就会流进去，或者轻轻的吹进去。这种方法无论是给龟用药或是补充各种营养品，都比药浴和将药或营养物质抹在食物上实用。但唯一的缺点就是不容易翘开它的嘴巴。为了爱龟的健康，耐心点吧。 切记：以上驱虫均须在龟有食欲的情况下进行（除因此病已经无法进食的情况下），期间要保持温湿度的恒定。药量宁少勿多！服药后补充综合维生素及含高纤维的食物，以便增进肠道蠕动排除寄生虫。据说南瓜籽有驱虫的功效，也不妨一试。蛔虫图鉴：感谢龟友“生涯现役”提供的原创图片，转载以上内容均请注明网站名称和作者！【体外寄生虫病】 一、病因：龟在野外活动中感染到的寄生虫。种类有扁虱、蚤、蜱、螨等。人工饲养的龟发病率很低。 二、症状：龟体消瘦，部分个体停食，病龟体表用放大镜可以看到寄生虫。 三、防治方法：发现龟的体表（通常存在于四肢腋下或尾部）有寄生虫后，立即用风油精滴于虫体十五分钟左右后用镊子拔除。再使用碘酊消毒患处后，涂抹金霉素或百多邦软膏，防止细菌感染。每天一次，持续一周左右。 扁虱图鉴：理解和应对“鼻水综合症Understanding and Coping with Runny Nose Syndrome (RNS) M.Corton 理解和应对“鼻水综合症” RNS is not a disease, but rather a term used to describe a bacterial/fungal/viral infection with one or more of a wide variety of organisms. It can occur in any species, but seems to be prevalent in Geochelone Pardalis, the Leopard tortoise. It can occur at any time of the year, can be fairly difficult to spot in the early stages, and has a nasty habit of recurring. Any animal that has been infected can, and often does, become a carrier. He may not display any symptoms, but can infect any tortoise that comes into contact with him. Leopard tortoises are the worst affected, perhaps because of their size, nutritional state and a general inability to cope with our humidity and dampness. Those that recover often relapse, especially if treatment is stopped because he seems much better now. RNS不是一种疾病，更准确的解释是“细菌、真菌、病毒引起的感染”。它可能在任何种类的龟中发生，但是在豹龟中更为普遍和流行。RNS在一年的任何时候都可能发生，很难治疗并且容易复发。任何被感染的动物，都很容易会转化为肺炎。它可能没有任何症状，并且可能感染任何种类的和它接触的动物。豹龟最容易收到感染。可能与他们的大小，营养结构，和我们提供的过高的湿度有关。当症状消失而停止治疗时，症状很容易复发。 RNS is more common in large and mixed collections, and can spread alarmingly quickly if prompt action is not taken. Never ignore a runny nose in the hope that it will clear when the weather improves. If no treatment is obtained, RNS can develop into chronic or acute pneumonia which can be extremely difficult to cure. Quite often stomatitis accompanies RNS which can complicate matters even further. Obviously you have no control over airborne germs, however, you can control other factors that may predispose your tortoise to infection: RNS在大规模的混养中很常见，如果没有及时的治疗，它能以惊人的速度传播。永远不要忽略任何流鼻涕的龟，不要认为它可以随着天气变化而该善。如果没有得到正确的治疗，RNS很可能发展成慢性或急性肺炎，那是非常难治愈的。急性口腔炎经常伴随RNS发生，使治疗变得很复杂。你不能控制空气中的细菌，但你可以控制其他因素，预防你的龟被感染。 There are several factors that can increase the chances of your tortoise getting RNS - dusty conditions, foreign bodies lodging in the nostrils, inappropriate humidity or temperature, lack of sunlight and the accompanying dampness, confinement in damp grassed areas with no access to sand, overcrowding, malnutrition, stress, and a deficiency of vitamin A. 有些因素会增加患RNS的几率：充满灰尘的环境，鼻孔处的外来寄生物，不合适的温度或湿度，缺乏日晒和相应的潮气, 关在潮湿的草丛里，不能接触到沙地，过渡拥挤的环境，营养失调，过分紧张，缺乏维生素A。 Prevention: （预防） Ensure that your animal has a healthy diet rich in vitamin A - foods that are high in this vitamin include dandelion, all the pumpkin/butternut family and carrots. If you are unable to supply the food he needs, a good supplement containing this vitamin will be needed. A slow conversion to a natural diet will go a long way in keeping your tortoise healthy. Tortoises love junk food in the same way that humans are addicted to hamburgers and hot-dogs. In supplying him with a pile of readily accessible kitchen food you are doing a lot of harm. 确认你的动物摄取足够的维生素A。含丰富维生素A的植物有：蒲公英，南瓜、白胡桃类植物。如果你不能提供他们需要的食物，需要好好补充含有这些维生素的添加剂。慢慢转化成自然饮食，有助于你的龟龟长期保持健康。龟龟和人类钟爱汉堡和热狗一样，钟爱垃圾食品。长期提供你在厨房加工过的食物，对龟龟来说是有损害的。 Think about it for a moment, in the wild he has to sometimes walk several miles in a day to obtain all the food he needs, but the food he does get is geared to supplying his system with all it needs. When he has this pile of easy food put in front of him, naturally he will eat it. But, he will lack the exercise he used to get searching for food and his metabolism will slow down. Nutrients (the few that there are in theusual kitchen food) will be poorly utilized, and will not supply all the minerals and vitamins he needs to stay healthy. Malnutrition is insidious, you cannot easily detect it from the outside, it does not kill overnight, your tortoise seems okay. You go to bed at night feeling good - My tortoise ate a good meal today!. Over the years the damage creeps on, undetected, and the problem ignored. Your tortoise lies around all day sunbathing, eating, sleeping - seemingly healthy, when in reality his body is slowly deteriorating to a point where things start going radically wrong. If, or more likely when disease strikes, your tortoise has more chance of dying than one who is active all day seeking out natural food. 想一想，龟龟在野外会一天行走数英里去寻找它需要的食物，但这些食物会供给它生命系统的所需的所有物质。当人工环境下的龟龟食用这些摆在面前且容易得到的食物时，自然的他们会吃的。但是，他会缺乏过去找寻食物时的锻炼，他们的新陈代谢会减慢。饲料的营养不容易被吸收，他们不能得到足够的矿物质和维生素来维持生命健康。营养不良是看不见的杀手，你很难从外表发现，这也不会一夜间要了龟龟的命，你的龟龟看上去可能还不错。你睡觉的时候可能还感觉很好：“我的龟龟今天吃的不错！”。 几年下来，伤害累积着而没有被发现，错误被忽略了。你的龟整天无所事事的晒太阳，吃饭，睡觉看上去很健康，实际上他的身体已经在不断慢慢的变糟，直至非常严重。一旦你的龟龟生病，你的龟龟的死亡几率会大大超过那些有活力，习惯自己寻找食物的龟龟的。 This active tortoise will have muscles that are firm and strong, his metabolism will be functioning in top gear, and his vitamin/mineral intake sufficient to ensure that his immune system gives him sound protection against invasion of disease causing organisms. A tortoise suffering from malnutrition has no such protection against disease, he has no defenses left to fight invaders, and will often succumb to a minor infection. 这些有活力的龟龟，有坚实有力的肌肉，他的新陈代谢机能会非常好，维生素、矿物质的摄入量也很充足，这些会大大增强龟龟的免疫系统给他自己足够的保护。营养不良的龟龟在疾病面前没有这样的保护，他们没法抵抗细菌，很小的感染就会要了他们的命。 Do not add any new tortoise to your existing collection without a quarantine period - 6 months is recommended. Your new tortoise may have had RNS and may now be a carrier. There is no way of identifying a carrier with any certainty. 不要把新龟和你已经有的龟龟混养，除非经过6个月的检疫期。你的新龟可能患有RNS或者携带细菌。没有方法100确认你的新龟不是个带菌者。 Avoid stress - dogs or other animals worrying your tortoise, overcrowding, competition/aggression from other tortoises, children allowed to play with the animal - even inadequate feeding is stressful. Stress causes a number of biochemical changes in the animal, among them the production of steroids which in turn suppresses the immune system - such animals are more likely to succumb to an infection than a healthy non stressed tortoise exposed to the same infectious agent. Stress is almost impossible to detect until it is too late, and can have serious long term effects on the general health and resistance of the animal. 减小干扰狗或其他动物会打搅你的龟龟。龟龟过分拥挤，竞食，相互攻击，小孩玩弄龟龟都会增加龟龟的压力。压力会给动物造成一系列的生物化学变化，一切这些会产生类固醇降低动物的免疫系统有很大压力的动物更容易被感染。往往发现龟龟压力的时候已经太晚了，会给动物的健康和抵抗力带来相当长期的影响。 Avoid sleeping quarters that are in a damp area. Provide a dry, snug bed at night. I felt stupid adding this, but I have seen a lot of tortoises allowed to sleep in areas that are totally unsuitable and almost certain to cause eventual respiratory problems. 避免他们睡觉的地方潮湿。晚上提供一个干燥暖和的给他们睡觉的环境。我觉得说着些有些多余，但是我看过很多人让陆龟睡在完全不合适，并且几乎一定会带来呼吸问题的地方。 Treatment: （对策） The worst has happened, your tortoise has a runny nose - what should you do? 最坏的事情已经发生了，你的龟龟已经流鼻涕了，你能作些什么呢？ First check that there is no foreign body lodged in the nostril - grass seed, grass etc. If one is found it should be removed without delay and drops used as outlined below to clear up any infection it may have caused. Next, correct any vitamin A deficiency. Supplements can be purchased from your vet or pharmacy. Be careful not to overdose - 1000-5000 iu is the recommended weekly dose, 10,000-20,000iu if a single dose is used. (iu - international units) 首先检查龟龟鼻孔有无异物草字或者草等等。如果找到，需要立刻清除并依照下一段清除异物造成的感染。然后供给足够的维生素A。补充药可以从你的兽医或者药房购买。小心不要过量 推荐每周不超过10005000iu。只喂一次最多1000020000iu。（iu international units） If a foreign body is not the culprit, ask your vet (or your normal doctor or pharmacy) for a sterile swab. Take a smear of mucous from his nose and get this sample in to your vet or doctor for immediate testing. The results of this test will tell you which organisms are causing the infection and which antibiotics will work effectively against them. This is most important, it is unrealistic to expect a single antibiotic to work against all bugs. Most infections in reptiles are caused by what are known as gram-negative organisms, and this knowledge enables a vet to hazard a pretty good guess as to what will work. Thus, if testing is out of the question, and/or while you are waiting for the results of the testing, treatment is commenced with an antibiotic effective against gram-negative organisms. 如果没有异物，向你的兽医或者药房要些医用棉签。从龟龟鼻子上涂抹些黏液，取些样本给你的兽医或者医生做直接的检测。检测结果会告诉你什么微生物造成的感染，什么抗生素对之有效。这是非常重要的。想用一种药物驱除所有的细菌是不切实际的。大多数爬行动物的感染是由阴性微生物造成的，检测结果让兽医能推断出那种药物有效。如果你没有条件化验，或者等着化验结果，那么就用治疗阴性微生物感染的药物进行治疗。 In mild and short standing infections, treatment consists of antibiotic drops given into the nasal chambers once daily. Those most often used are Oxytetracycline (Terramycin), Tylosin, Enrofloxacin (Baytril). First wipe the animals nose with a disposable paper towel to remove as much mucous as possible. Then a syringe with a short rigid tube is used to instill one drop of antibiotic into each nostril once daily whilst holding the animal in an upright position (to ensure the drug goes well into the nasal cavity). This is best done toward late afternoon before the animal beds down for the night. If the weather is damp or cold it is preferable to place the tortoise in a box indoors at night in a warm area. Beware of using clip-on lamps as these can be dislodged, causing a fire hazard. Severe cases will need to be kept under heat for the duration of treatment. This simple treatment is continued for a week or two after symptoms have disappeared to prevent relapse. Whilst on the subject of antibiotics, bear in mind that some tortoises (Leopard tortoises in particular) are allergic to Baytril. If, of course, the results of the test come back indicating that a different antibiotic is required, you should switch over immediately. Cortisone should never be used as it suppresses the immune system of an already compromised animal. 轻微的和短期感染，每天向龟龟鼻子里滴抗生素。经常用到的有土霉素, 泰乐菌素，Enrofloxacin (Baytril)?. 首先用纸巾擦干净鼻子。然后用针管向每个鼻孔滴入抗生素，同时保持龟龟竖直，每天一次。最好在傍晚，龟龟睡觉前进行。如果环境阴冷，最好把龟龟放到箱子里拿到暖和的地方。不要使用开着的灯，它会带来火灾隐患。龟龟严重时，需要长期至于温暖的环境。这种简单的治疗持续一周或者两周，如果好转谨防复发。记住，上边提到的抗生素有些龟龟会过敏（豹龟最普遍）。如果这样，你需要立刻换一种抗生素。Cortisone（可的松）是绝对不能使用的，他会影响到动物的免疫系统。 While this treatment usually works, remember also that the conditions that initially caused the infection may still prevail (stress, malnutrition, dampness etc.) and that this should be rectified if you wish to avoid relapse. 当这种治疗成功后，不要忘了什么引起的感染，因为它还可能再次引起感染。（压力，营养不良，湿气等等）如果你想避免复发，这些因素需要被纠正。 This isnt working! （治疗无效） You have tried the drops, and they dont seem to be working. Now what? Some infections are complicated. More than one organism could be involved, necrotic stomatitis could be complicating the infection, acute or chronic pneumonia could be setting in. There are any number of reasons, and whatever the cause prompt action must be taken. Veterinary advice must be obtained without delay as a course of injectable antibiotic will usually be necessary. These injections are usually given every 48-72 hours because metabolic take-up is slow and the drug could build up in the tortoises system and reach toxic levels. 你已经尝试了上述治疗，但他们没什么效果。怎么办？一些感染是很复杂的。不只与一种微生物有关，坏死口腔炎会使感染变得很复杂，急性或慢性肺炎可能已经感染。这会有很多原因，但不管怎么样，你必须马上采取行动。必须马上获得兽医的建议，通常需要注射抗生素。注射一般每隔4872小时一次，因为龟龟的新陈代谢速度很慢。注射药物会在龟龟的体内累积并到达一个危险的浓度。 It is vital to keep the tortoise at a higher temperature for the duration of treatment, this speeds up metabolism and drug distribution and also boosts the animals immune system. A temperature of around 28-33 degrees is usually recommended. It is most important that hydration be maintained, if the animal is not drinking water your vet can inject fluids subcutaneously (under the skin) or intracoelomically (into the space between the intestinal canal and body wall). Some drugs affect the renal system and renal failure can result if hydration is not maintained. A course of five to ten injections are usually required, depending on the drug used. Where nephrotoxic drugs (damaging to the renal system) are used they should be injected into the forelimbs, otherwise severe kidney damage could result. With other drugs the rear limbs can be used. In severe cases nebulisation can be used to aid treatment, using the antibiotic recommended by your vet, mixed 1/2 ml antibiotic with 5 ml saline. This should be done 4 times daily if possible. Yes, a tortoise can stop breathing for a considerable time, but a sick animal usually hasnt the strength to do so and there for nebulising does work in a number of cases and certainly should be tried. 治疗期间把龟龟放在一个温暖的环境下是至关重要的。这会加速新陈代谢和药物吸收的速度提高动物的免疫能力。通常推荐温度在2833摄氏度。最关键的是维持龟龟身体中的水份，如果它不喝水，兽医可以给龟龟皮下输液，或者体腔内注射（肠道外壁和体腔之间）。如果没有足够的水份，有些药物影响肾功能甚至能导致肾衰。一个治疗周期一般510次注射，看用什么样的药物了。对肾脏有伤害的药物需要从前肢注射，否则会引起严重的肾脏伤害。其他不对肾脏有伤害的药物则可以在后肢注射。在病情严重的情况下，可以在兽医的建议下使用nebulisation（喷雾方式）进行治疗，混和 1/2ml 抗生素到5ml生理盐水中。如果可能，每天可以进行4次。你的龟可以屏住呼吸很长时间，但是生病的动物通常做不到这点。这时候喷雾在很多情况下管用，你可以试试。 Finally, do not make the mistake of comparing RNS to the human common cold or flu, and think that it will clear by itself if given time. It wont. Treatment is essential, and as soon as possible. The longer RNS is left the more difficult it is to clear. RNS can and does kill, dont let your tortoise become a victim. Inspect nostrils daily if possible and get help fast if you spot any nasal discharge. 最后，不要把RNS想成人们通常意义上的感冒和流感，不要想像龟龟可以自己回复，他们不会的。治疗越快越好。时间越长的RNS，治疗时会越困难。RNS可以杀死你的龟龟，不要让你的龟龟成为牺牲者。每天检查龟龟鼻孔，如果发现任何液体流出，尽快治疗。 文中提到的某些问题确实需要我们注意。虽然整体上来说和国内养龟的认识差不多。 在饲养中，我们确实忽视了一些东西尤其是养龟养久了人，值得反省一下。 英文水平有限，把原文也贴出来了。大家指正吧。以下是本文讨论： 已用上述方法治愈两只龟！绝对有效！龟鳖氨中毒的发生与抢救预防在工厂化养殖龟鳖过程中，龟鳖氨中毒现象近年来呈上升趋势，虽然国内有关这方面的报道不少，但还缺乏系统的发生原理论述和有效的抢救预防方法。为此，笔者根据自己的多年实践作一系统的介绍，供养鳖单位因地制宜参考应用。 一、龟鳖池中氨的发生与龟鳖中毒原理 1、氨（NH3N）在龟鳖池中的发生，主要是由龟鳖的排泄物，剩饵和池水中各种生物死亡后的尸体在异养微生物的氨化作用下形成的，特别是在封闭和半封闭性温室中，当硝酸盐被还原时，氨浓度升高并成为无机氮的主要形式。 2、龟鳖氨中毒的原理水合氨能通过生物表面渗入体内，其渗入量取决于水体与生物体液（如血液、水分等）的PH差异，如果任何一边液体的PH发生变化，生物表面两边的未电离NH3的浓度就会发生变化，为了取得平衡，NH3总是从PH高的一边渗入PH低的一边，如当水体中PH高时，NH3就从水中渗入生物的组织液中，生物就会中毒，相反NH3从组织液中排出体外，这是一种正常的排泄现象。这也是我们平时强调在温室龟鳖池中泼洒生石炭前必须测定PH和氨浓度的道理。此外，由于NH3分子不带电荷，有较强的脂溶性，故易透过细胞膜而造成对生物的毒性。通常就龟鳖而言，当氨的浓度达到致龟鳖中毒时，首先通过呼吸系统，破坏龟鳖的正常呼吸机能和对呼吸器官的损害，同时刺激神经系统，使其产生异常反应，最后导致龟鳖抽搐死亡。 二、龟鳖氨中毒的病状 当龟鳖池的空间环境中可闻到明显的刺激味，测定空气中氨的浓度超地1mg/L时，水体中氨的浓度超过0.5mgL时，就会影响龟鳖的吃食，并会出异常现象，如轻度上浮转边等，此时开始就影响龟鳖的正常生长，当情况不能得到改善，池水就会很快开始恶化，此时池水中氨的浓度就会很快上升到3mg/L，并基本处于缺氧状态，龟鳖就会出现严重的中毒现象，表现症状为漂浮水面，原池转圈，有的腹部朝上，有的抽搐，大多则在池的四角堆挤争先上爬。死亡时大多头颈发软，体色变淡，裙边发硬。剖解可见肺肿大，呈紫黑色淤血，有的在抽搐时雄性生殖器脱出，充血，心脏微白衰竭，其它脏器无明显变化，经氨中毒后的龟鳖即使是轻度中毒，当时不死，也大多吃食不畅、活动迟钝，以后会不间断地逐步少量死亡。 三、龟鳖氨中毒的抢救与预防 1、抢救 当发现龟鳖有氨中毒现象时，千万别先去换水更不要乱泼生石灰。首先应打开室内的通气窗把有害气体排出，同时在池中泼洒市售鱼用增氧剂（按说明浓度）或每立方水1公斤黄土化水泼洒，同时泼洒每立方米水体米醋0.20公斤。紧接着在池中架几块水泥瓦或木板，放时瓦或板在水下离水面2cm，使龟鳖能爬到板上呼吸新鲜空气，一般抢救及时的能避免死亡，但一天后应把老水逐步换掉。如九八年上海某养鳖场发此病，后经笔者确诊后用上述方法抢救无一死亡。 2、预防 平时要定期开通气窗，降低室内空间环境中有害气体的浓度，开窗同时应打开充气泵使水中的水合氨通过暴气得以逸出，特别是平时要不定期排污换新水，减少池底的耗氧物质，如果是采光棚应搭晒背台，封闭性温室也应在水下离水面2cm处设一栖息台，以利龟鳖在遇到不良水环境时躲避。再是加强科学投饵，减少饲料散失对水体的污染并选择质量好的饲料投喂，平时在饲料中添加5%左右的新鲜瓜果菜浆汁，以提高龟鳖的抵抗力和消化率。 佛山龟鳖研究会医学讲座 地点:顺德区陈村镇花卉世界 日期:2004年七月十七日 上午九时整 很多人养龟,都没有注意到龟的形态,一只野生的龟,为什么在驯养的一段时间会变形,龟的体形只向前后左右生长,像一只大园碟一般。因为宠养他们的主人，不停喂养，而造成烦恼龟只痴肥，并缺乏多种维他命、钙质、铁质和矿物质等。 龟的抗病能力很强，在一般病情不严重的情况下，它们在很短时间服完。病情严重的，可以顽抗多月，甚至多年才死亡，龟是杂食的动物（一般水陆两栖类），在大自然里，由于他们行动缓慢，未能每天可以饱餐一顿，往往只能吃一些树根，嫩草充肌，而在众多植物里，很多是中草药，所以龟的小病可在肌饿和天然药物的治疗下复原。 在了解他们的习性后，不难使龟生长正常和疾病减少，笔者认为，随商品龟外，不能每天喂食，最好在傍晚时间喂食，因龟大多数在晚间活动。饲料最好用天然的，除小鱼、虾外、还有蟋蟀，草龙、草蜢、生鸡肉、猪肝、鸡肝、蜂蛹、蚕蛹、鸡蛋壳、胡萝卜、西瓜、香蕉、碎玉米拌麦片等，使他们得到均恒营养，减少损失。食道火/口腔炎： 症状：口腔上颚红肿，食道肿大发炎，呑咽困难。 病因：可能有钓钩在龟的咽喉里，或有硬物，小虾的硬剔等；又或在喂药时，塑料管和硬物弄伤而造成。 治疗：把龟只的口张开，观察是否有硬物剌破咽喉组织；再把硬物取出后，用棉花把Listerrine李施德林漱口水擦在伤口处，每天二、三次，三、五天见效。龟子互相咬尾部： 一般用自来水饲养而发生，很少发生用井水呀溪水饲养的龟只上。 病因：水的碱性过重。自来水公司除了用净水剂来净化河水，而广东的河水酸性较重，自来水公司除了用净水剂来净化水质外，都会加入硝碱、石灰等化学物来提高水的碱性（PH）。健康正常的龟，会在更换池水后排出粪便，可借着粪便的酸性来中和水的碱度。龟只长期在这种水质下生活，会造成急躁，便会互相攻击，咬对方的尾部和手或脚部。 治疗：更换池水时只换三份二，留三份一池水，因原来的池水经一至两天后，酸性较重，这可用综和新的池水，或可放一些粗盐（海水盐）在池水里。受伤的龟可用蓝药水或红药水涂抺伤口，使伤口不受感染，又可使发白的伤口不会被别的龟只误为食物而再次攻击。感 冒： 鼻孔塞、或有鼻水、口不断张开，如中间发出声音便是咳嗽，鼻顶顔色转深色便是发烧。 病因：天气炎热，天气寒冷，忽冷忽热，白天闷热，晚上水温带凉，上岸后的温差大，或在运送途中车箱内因空调着凉，又或因闷热而患上感冒。 治疗：成龟可用250mg Amoxicillin Granules 阿莫仙一粒，Panadol 必理痛一粒喂食，每天一次，严重者每天2次，共用三天至五天；如咳嗽可加上乐得咳药水喂服。幼/稚龟可用 Amoxicillin Granules 阿莫仙 250mg 婴儿冲剂一包，Panadol 必理痛儿童药水5ml，如有咳嗽可加5ml咳药水混和1公升清水浸治，12小时换药一次，连用三天。（喂药后，切勿把龟只放在水中，因龟能用水清洗肠胃，可把药用水吐出。）气管/支气管炎： 症状：一般是因感冒而引起，低烧，咳嗽等。 治疗：成龟如百病毒性可用Mezlocillin sodium 250mg,美洛西林钠混和Icc注射用水肌肉注射，每一天一次，共三天，幼/稚龟可用美洛西林钠125mg,混和0.4cc注射用水肌肉注射，三天一，共三次。 注意：购买注射药物时要留意该药物是否可以肌肉注射。产后进补： 母龟在产蛋后，身体虚弱，有些会出现短暂性浮水，隔年生蛋，所生的蛋有些软壳、授精率低、蛋的大小不一、出壳稚龟体积细小或体弱等，其最大的原因是缺钙、铁和矿物质，因一般投喂都是模式化，（小鱼或小虾等）使营养不平均。应投喂一些生鸡肉、猪肝、鸡肝、鸡蛋壳、胡萝卜、碎玉米粒拌麦片、蜂蛹等；使它们在短期内能恢复体质，准备过冬。肺炎和上呼吸道感染的成因: 每年春天，龟的发病率较高；多是肺炎或上呼吸道感染。因龟在初春时期，因长时间未有好好进食，体质较弱，而一般在冬期都是在沙