英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极.doc

鲤鱼网（）英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极！ warm-ups直译1.Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged.2.We bombed their cities in revenge for their attacks on ours.3.Can you sit still without moving for ten minutes?意译1.“ and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on (说服) to marry.”2.He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child.词义1.Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.2.If the state punishes a murderer by death its an eye for an eye.3.For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded.4.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students.语序1.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changed occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.2.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.3.The readers hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.4.Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?5.We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations.6.The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures.分译1.A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists (语言学家) and can be usefully recalled at this point.2.The underwater computer WetPC, fastened with a strap (皮带) to the diver (潜水员), is designed for use by oceanographers (海洋学家) and other submarine workers who need to record data, consult maps, gather information, count fish and diagnose (诊断) equipment faults. (分译)3.The ambassador (大使) was giving a dinner to a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. (分译)4.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. (分译)固定句式1.There are some people who wont left home in the morning without an umbrella.1.Generally speaking the Americans cannot smoke without many people complaining.2.You can never see too many sunrises here.增译1.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch (纪元) of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity (怀疑) (增译)2.It is argued by some writers that the transition to the fathers role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mothers role.3.In the 1880 s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.词类转换1.People should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do.There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.2.In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers.一.英译汉概述英译汉考试的重点是测试学生对英语的理解能力及汉语表达能力。在教育部制定的硕士学位研究生英语教学大纲中,规定了硕士生入学时应达到的英语水平标准,有关翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就需要考生既要有比较好的英语基础，还要有扎实的汉语功底。翻译是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句、组句成段的能力。仔细观察历年的考题，我们会发现这类题型主观性比较强，它要求考生可以有适当的发挥。但在评分时有合适标准和可接受的标准，也就是说只要考生所翻译的句子适合于上下文的基本思想而且其译文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定这个句子的翻译符合要求。最近几年的考研翻译部分是给出一篇400多个词的英语文章，要求考生在仔细阅读整篇文章并理解文章的基本意义的基础上，准确地按照上下文的提示和意义(即一定的语境)将划线部分(一般是五个句子)翻译成汉语。体裁大多是议论文，其中相当一部分的内容是有关科学常识的。所以要取得一个好成绩考生不但要有比较扎实的翻译基本功而且还需要比较广的知识面。比较扎实的翻译基本功包括良好的语言素质、对两种语言异同点的把握和熟悉翻译的基本技能和技巧。二.翻译的标准翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的一种活动。翻译在某中程度上讲也是一个思维再创造的过程。在翻译的过程中，译者必须遵守一定的标准与原则。对于考研翻译而言，“忠实”和“通顺”是两项最基本的要求。忠实：由于翻译是在理解了别人用一种语言所表达的意思后，把同样的意思用另一种语言表达出来，因此译者首先要忠实于原作的内容，也就是说翻译的过程主要是传达别人的意思，而不是自己进行创作，不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏原文所表达的思想。可见准确地理解原文是翻译好一篇文章的关键。通顺：这条原则指的是将一种语言翻译成另一种语言后，译文要流畅、明白、易懂。具体到英译汉来说，就是将英语翻译成汉语后，语言必须符合汉语的习惯和规范，用词要准确，文字不晦涩、不生硬、不洋化。三.翻译五步骤1.正确理解原文、弄清上下文之间的关系:英译汉的第一步是准确、完整、透彻地理解英语原文。译者对原文稍有差错，译文就不可能准确无误，甚至会差之毫厘,却失之千里。任何一篇文章都是一个有机的整体，所有的内容都围绕着文章的中心思想展开，每一个单词每一个句子都是整体的一部分。如果只注意单个词句，不注意整体，还是要出各种各样的错误，即在某种意义上说不能完整地翻译原文所要表达的意思。所以，在进行具体翻译前，首先通读全文，了解文章的整体内容，准确把握作者所要表达的主题思想和重要事实。在此基础上，认真分析划线部分与上下文之间的各种关系(逻辑关系、语法关系、意义关系)。.认真分析划线部分的语法结构:英译汉的句子一般比较长，而且其结构也比较复杂。考生需要首先观察这个长句子中是否有从句，是哪种类型的从句。然后再找出主句和从句中的骨干结构(主语、谓语、宾语)及其修饰成分(状语、定语、宾语补足语、同位语等)，同时要注意句子是否有省略的地方，以及介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语的各种语法功能。这样句子结构就十分清晰了，翻译时就会心中有数,就能够做到有的放矢。3.仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义:考生在对原文有一个整体的了解并且弄懂了划线部分的语法结构后，就要仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义，特别留心一些固定表达法、某些短语的特殊含义、代词的指代意义等。如：The importance of the English language in communication cant be overestimated.这句话的意思是“英语在国际交流中的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。”如果按照字面意思直译，则很可能译成“英语在国际交流中的重要性不能被估计过高”。4.忠实流畅地汉语表达:在准确理解划线部分英语句子的含义后，如何用通顺的汉语将其表达出来是关键。表达是理解的结果，是把已经理解了的原作内容选择适当的译文重新表达出来。由于两种语言存在着语言、语法及表达方式上的差异，所以在翻译的时候必须作相应的调整和改变，使中文读者阅读译文时感到自然、流畅。5.仔细审校润色:正确地理解原文、忠实流畅地用汉语表达原意是翻译中的重要步骤，审校则是使译文更完美的最后一个环节。通过审校，我们可以发现译文的一些漏洞和不足之处，如人名、地名、日期、数字、时间等细节是否有遗漏和错译的地方，指代关系是否一致，是否存在错别字，标点符号是否准确等。四.英译汉技巧1.选词用字法:正确选词是保证翻译质量的重要前提。由于构思时联想不同，表达方式不同以及英语和汉语两种语言都有一词多类、一词多意等现象，用两种语言表达同一种思想或描述同一种情况时所选用的词语必然不同。因此在翻译时要在理解原文的基础上，选用一个恰当的词语显得尤为重要。如:1.Every life has its roses and thorns.2.The population has increased to the extent of explosion. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.3.Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar.2.增译法:英汉两种语言由于词法和句法有差异，表达方式也不尽相同，翻译时为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律，为了使意思更加明确，从意义、修辞和句法上考虑需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。1)抽象名词后加词使其具体化。如: serious unemployment2)增加数量词。如: first oil well第一口油井It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (真题示范)3)增加表示时态的词。如: You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor.4)增加一个适当的动词。如: The world neednt be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future.5)增加英语中省略的词。如: This year the export quantity of black tea increased by 20 percent, and jasmine tea by 30 percent.3.减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。1)省略代词。如: If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.2)省略介词。如:Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science. (真题示范)3)省略名词。如:Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (真题示范)4)省略动词。如:There is no doubt that well carry out the experiment successfully.He behaved politely while answering the interviewers questions.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.(真题示范)4.转译法:英语和汉语的结构是有很大区别的，在翻译过程中有些句子可以逐词翻译，但也有相当一部分句子不能按照英语的句子结构机械地翻译。在忠实于原文的前提下，原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，某些语法成分也需要作适当的调整，这样才能使汉语译文更通顺、更自然。如:He acts as if he were a king.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human right, which is something the world does not have.(真题示范)5.分译法:英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.It is well said, in every sense, that a mans religion is the chief fact with regard to him.6.合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。如:To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to encourage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (真题示范)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (真题示范)7.反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。1)否定译成肯定。如:There is no rule that has no exception.(双重否定)Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U. S. citizens.(双重否定)(真题示范)Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. (真题示范)2)肯定译成否定。如:Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.(真题示范)Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.(真题示范)The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.8.顺序调整法:一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整(例如采用倒译法)，使其更符合汉语的习惯。如:That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.(真题示范)9.被动语态翻译法1)变为汉语的主动形式。如:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal one.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.(真题示范)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.(真题示范)2)如果英语中的被动意义必须表达出来，那么，译成汉语时也可以用含有被动意义的句子来表达。英语中的被动态含义可以用汉语的“被”、“为”、“靠”、“由”、“受”、“叫”、“让”、“遇到”、“受到”、“加以”、“遭到”、“得到”、“是的”、“挨”、“见”、“为所”、“给”、“使”等表示被动意思的词语来表达。例如：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (真题示范)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (真题示范)3)被动结构的表语化，将其翻译成“是的”、“由的” 。如:Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(真题示范)4)增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。如:With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.。And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(真题示范)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.(真题示范)代词名词化The properties of alloys are much better than those of simple metals.合金的特性比纯金的特性好得多。(名词重复)It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. (真题示范)长句翻译法对于每一个英语句子的翻译,并不只是使用一种翻译方法,而是多种翻译方法的综合运用,这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁,因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点,通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出,所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时,首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。一、英语长句的分析一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面: (1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多; (3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. (真题示范)例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (真题示范)二、长句的翻译英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,我们一般采取下列的方法。(1)顺译法:当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。如果原文中所描述的一连串动作是按时间顺序安排的，也可以运用顺译法翻译。例如:例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (真题示范)例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (真题示范)例3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.例4 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientist and technologists of all kinds. (真题示范)(2)逆译法：所谓逆译法即从原文后面或中间译起，英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译,原文开头放在译文末尾。例如：例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.例2. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.例3. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(真题示范)(3)分句法：有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。例如:例1. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (真题示范)例3. Also common in the natural sciences, the “technicist fallacy” mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (真题示范)(4)综合法:上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.例3. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. (真题示范)条件状语从句的翻译Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept “unnatural food” (真题示范)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (真题示范)Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter.结果与目的状语(从句)的翻译在复合句中，也有目的分句。它的一般语序是前面的分句叙述事实或措施，后面的分句说名目的，如果表示的目的是要得到什，常用“以”、“以便”、“用以”、“以使”、“以致” “得以”等词。如果表示的目的是要避免到什么，则用“以免”、“以防”、“免得”等词。需要强调时，则将“为了”至于句首。如：Galileos greatest glory was that in 2609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope in the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.考研翻译常见的难点和要点：1、主语+ be more +表语B + than +表语A less +表语A + than +表语B more than 这一句型的常见意义为“比更”，但这释义并非适用于所有的这一句型，其原因在于它可能表达不同的逻辑关系。因而不加区别地套用“比更”的汉语句式去翻译，译文多半不能清楚地表达它们连接的前后关系，且容易令人费解，甚至误解。归纳起来, more tha