2012北京卷阅读精细讲jhnjh解.doc

2012年北京高考阅读理解详解AThe Basics of MathMade Clear基础数学简明易懂Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to（体会被动的意境、出神入化） provide students with（重要的搭配） an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for （为-做准备）Algebra(代数) and beyond.基础数学向学生介绍数学的基本概念，以及一些更高深领域的基础知识。这30堂精彩的课程，目的是让学生对算术有一个了解，并为以后学习代数以及其他课程做好准备。The lessons in Basic Math cover（涵盖） every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to（除-之外） learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used （被动）practically.基础数学的课程涵盖算术的所有基础领域，还涉及指数、元算次序、平方根内容。除了学习如何进行各种数学运算外，学生还会学到运算的原理、某个特定数学话题与其他分支之间的联系以及这些运算的实际应用。Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. 基础数学从相对简单的概念开始，逐渐过渡到一些复杂的内容，以便学生掌握所学内容。这些课程使学生有机会弄懂那些看起来令人生畏的数学知识The lectures offer（高中英语必考词） students the chance to “make sense” of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazingand completely understandablefield of study.。这些课程还能为学生学习大学数学，客服他们在学数学这门神奇（其实完全能理解）的课程的忧虑心情打下基础。By （到-时）the conclusion of the course, students will have improved（将来完成时） their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away（清除） the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to（有-的能力） accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.在课程结束时，学生能够更好地理解基础数学。对他们而言，数学的神秘感将不复存在，他们面对自己的学习也会比想象中更有信心。此外，这也会增强他们接受新的、激动人心的数学挑战的能力。Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as “the best math teacher in America,” is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious（动词+宾语+宾补）. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master（大师） in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary（动词+宾语+宾补）.、H-西格尔教授被肯塔基州教育电视台誉为“全美最佳数学教师”，专注于教育，有能力将数学概念讲解的简明易懂。从基础的具体概念到抽象数学难题，他的讲解都深受学生欢迎，不会让学生觉得高深莫测。With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.H-西格尔教授是乔治亚州立大学的数学教育博士，目前在中央亚利桑那学院教数学。他还教授各种补习班以及为未来小学做各种培训。If the course fails to（黄金考点） provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.如果您对该课程感到不是完全满意，可以轻松调换我们提供的课程，也可以要求退款。56. What does the course Basic Math mainly cover? A. Algebra. B. College Mathematics. C. Arithmetic. D. Mathematics Education.细节题，第二段句首。The lessons in Basic Math cover（涵盖） every basic aspect of arithmetic. 基础数学的课程涵盖算术的所有基础领域，57. What benefits can students expect from Basic Math? A. Stronger imaginative ability. B. Additional presentation skills. C. More mathematical confidence. D. Greater chances of becoming teachers.细节题，benefits、Basic Math为信息词，定位到第四段。A“更强的想象力”偷换了第四段最后一句的概念，they will strengthen their ability to（有-的能力） accept new and exciting mathematical challenges. 这也会增强他们接受新的、激动人心的数学挑战的能力。B“额外的演讲技巧”，D“成为老师的机会更大”。58. What can we learn about Professor H. Siegel? A. He is a guest lecturer at Kentucky Educational Television. B. He is to deliver 30 lectures in Basic Math. C. He works in Georgia State University. D. He specializes in training teachers.推理题。题干信息Professor H. Siegel，定位到第五段、第六段。59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? A. A news report. B. A book reviewC. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement推理题，文章最后一段。BPeanuts to This渺小至此Proudly（状语） reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find（失望的发现，高考考点） my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes（状语+宾语+宾补）. Confused（状语）, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher. Having（非谓语） no choice, I slowly raised the report I had slaved over, hoping to hide myself. “What could be causing everyone to act this way?”我一边自豪地朗读自己的报告，一边扫视了一眼教室，结果却发现同学们个个乐不可支，几乎要笑出泪来。我很迷惑，又看了一眼板着脸的教师。我别无选择，慢慢地举起了自己费了好大劲写出来的报告，想把自己藏起来。“大家为什么会有这种反应？”Quickly（状语）, I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task.很快，我回忆起兰斯洛小姐给我们布置作业的那天。 This was the first real talk I received in my new school.这是我来到这所新学校之后的第一次真正的作业 It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named（定语） George Washington.它看起来很简单：去网上查一个叫乔治-华盛顿的人的信息。 Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of（听说-） that name before.在我的祖国，我是跟一个老教师学的历史，我以前从没有听说这个名字。 As I searched the name of this fellow, it became evident that（经典的主语从句） there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different! 我从网上搜索这个人的名字时，很明显，有两个完全不同的叫这个名字！One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while （句中对比前后）the other led some sort of army across America. （其中一个发明了花生的上百种用途，而另一个带领某支军队穿越美国）I stared at the screen, wondering（非谓语，伴随状语，主动、进行） which one my teacher meant.（我盯着屏幕，思考老师说的究竟是哪个呢？） I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice：flip (掷) a coin. （我给爷爷打电话，得到了一个好主意：扔硬币。）Headsthe commander, and tailsthe peanuts guy. （正面朝上，就选那个将军；反面朝上，就选那个花生郎。）Ah! Tails, my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.（哦！是反面，那么我就写这个发明了花生酱的“伟人”吧，也就是乔治-华盛顿-卡佛。）Weeks later, standing（非谓语，伴随状语，主动、进行）before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost.（几周之后，面对全班不友好的目光，我彻底懵了） Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find（替换only to find） out what I had done wrong. （好吧。我回到位置上，急切的想知道我什么地方做错了。）As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.(同位语)”（另一个同学开始做他的报告：“我的报告是关于乔治-华盛顿的美国独立战争的领导人”。） The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?（一切世界都真相大白了。整个世界都安静了下来！我怎么知道老师说的这个乔治-华盛顿呢？）Obviously, my grade was awful. （显而易见，我的成绩很低。）Heartbroken but fearless(形容词做状语，高考难点), I decided to turn this around. （我伤心极了，大胆地决定要做出补救。）I talked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted: No re-dos; no new grade. （我找了兰斯洛小姐，说明了具体情况，但她坚持：不能重做，也不能重新评分）I felt that the punishment was not justified, and I believed I deserved a second chance. （我觉得这种惩罚实在不公平了，而且我相信她应该再给我一次机会。）Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. （于是，这个学年的其余时间里，我全身心的投入到刻苦学习中。）Ten months later, that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting（动词+宾语+宾补） in the headmasters office with my grandfather, now having an entirely different conversation.（十个月之后，机会来了一件事。：我和爷爷坐在校长办公室里，这次谈的可是另外） I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of（黄金短语） my option to skip the sixth grade.（当校长告诉我可以跳过六年级时，我笑了，又想起了开学时那尴尬的时刻。） Justice is sweet!（公平的滋味真好！）60. What did the authors classmates think about his report?A. Controversial. 有争议的 B. Ridiculous.荒谬的C. Boring.无聊的 D. Puzzling.令人困惑的细节题61. Why was the author confused about the task?A. He was unfamiliar with American history.B. He followed the advice and flipped a coin.C. He forgot his teachers instruction.D. He was new at the school.细节题62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _.A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager词义题63. In the end, the author turned things around _.A. by redoing his taskB. through his own effortsC. with the help of his grandfatherD. under the guidance of his headmaster细节题CDecision-making under Stress压力下的决策A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.一则基于研究的新评论指出，巨大的压力会影响大脑的权衡利弊的方式，会使它更关注一个令人高兴的那方面而忽视肯能带来的负面影响。The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.这样研究暗示，压力可能会改变人们可预知的方式做出选择。“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”马拉-马赛教授说：“压力影响人们的学习方式。在压力之下，与消极结果相比，人们对积极结果的记忆更牢固。”For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadnt gone through the stress.例如，最近的两项研究观察了人们如何将影像与奖励或惩罚联系在一起的。在一次实验中，一些参与者要承受在观众面前做演讲和做数学题难题的压力；在另一个实验中，人们要承受把手放在冰水中的压力。在两种情况下，与没有压力的人相比，承受压力的参与者对奖励材料的记忆更清晰准确，对惩罚材料的记忆则不太清晰明确。This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also less easily recalled.对在压力之下抵制吃饼干或吸烟的人来说，这个现象很可能并不出乎意料-在这些情况下，大脑中只会记住这些活动快乐的一面。但是这是发现进一步暗示，压力可能具有双重效应。人们不仅仅会牢牢记住奖励的经历，那些消极后果也不会被想起。The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.这项研究还发现，压力似乎子在影响男女在决策时存在差异。虽然在压力之下，男性和女性都倾向于关注奖励而不是后果，但事实证明他们对风险的反应时不同的。Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.经历了冰水压力试验的男性倾向于冒更多的风险，女性的反应则截然相反。在有压力的情况下，如果冒险能带来巨大的收获，男性倾向于做的更好；然而当谨慎更重要时，女性则会胜出。This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.当决策有风险时，女性放慢速度或变得更加谨慎的趋势，可能有助于解释为什么与男性相比，女性不可能上瘾：她们可能更阿经常避免做冒险的选择，因此也更不易上瘾。64. We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to _.A. keep rewards better in their memoryB. recall consequences more effortlesslyC. make risky decisions more frequentlyD. learn a subject more effectivelyA 细节题。文章一开头就指出，在压力下，大脑会关注快乐的一面并忽视决定可能带来的负面后果，故选A65. According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their _.A. ways of making choices B. preference for pleasureC. tolerance of punishmentsD. responses to suggestionsA 细节题。题干信息词为research和affects,定位到第二段。根据stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways. 故选A66.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, _.A. women find it easier to fall into certain habitsB. men have a greater tendency to slow downC. women focus more on outcomesD. men are more likely to take risksD 细节题。题干信息词为stressful situation, 定位到第倒数第二段最后一句In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.（在有压力的情况下，如果冒险能带来巨大的收获，男性倾向于做的更好；然而当谨慎更重要时，女性则会胜出。）DWilderness荒野“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. “在荒野中保存世界。”这是某位作家的名言，这位作家被视为环境保护主义之父，这句名言被引用的频率反映了环境保护方面的激烈讨论：是否应将荒野置于环境保护的核心。As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.正如英国绿色和平组织的约翰-舒文所说，原生态的荒野景色具有强烈的吸引力；与其他任何事物相比，他们代表的大自然的气息是很多人最珍视的，使承载这些景色的荒野保持原生态的呼吁声很强烈，而开发给这些景观带来的危险时实实在在的。一些荒野所发挥的功能也正是人类所需要的-比如雨林就储存着大量的碳。对于舒文先生来说，这些“生态系统所发挥的功能：远远超过了开发所带来的收益。Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view.(承上启下) He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, （分割长句子，是句子结构多样化）a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. 赫德生研究所的访问学者李-莱恩却持相反观点。他承认荒野的确发挥了有用的功能，如水资源的保护等。但是他认为这不是阻止人类涉足所有地区的理由，或者确切的说是阻止商业或工业开发的理由。There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While（句首让步，考试常考点） the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so.（双否定，强调，） Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.地球上的人类越来越多，他们理应有权利要求更好的生活，而不仅仅是维持生存，尽管资源利用的方式已经有所改进，但对材料的需求仍不断的增长，而一些荒原就拥有大量的原材料，他认为，如果能够在不影响这些荒野多发挥的功能的前提下开发他们，就没有进一步的理由不去这样做，原生态本身，并不是一个比其他因素更值得重视的特征。I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.我希望看到这些观点继续深入下去，也希望看到其他的参与者的质疑。浮现在我的脑海中的一个质疑是，两种观点都需要在考虑精神价值层面的问题是更直接一些。另外还有一个实际的问题是，是否可以开发荒野却不造成危害？This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.这个话题不仅需