谈动词非谓语形式的复合结构.doc

谈动词非谓语形式的复合结构 北京工商大学嘉华学院 王德杰 陆同内容简介：本文用归纳分析法，论述了带有逻辑主语的动词不定式、动名词、分词的复合结构，以及它们的构成和在句子中的句法功能。关键词：动词非谓语形式的复合结构 构成 句法功能在大学英语和研究生英语等教材中，在一些考试的阅读理解题中，经常会出现一些动词非谓语形式的复合结构。很多学生对这些语法现象看不懂，因而就错误地理解了课文和考题。本文旨在综合分析一下动词非谓语形式的复合结构，看看能对某些学生是否有所帮助。所说的动词的非谓语形式是指：动名词、分词、和动词不定时。它们的复合结构是指：带有逻辑主语的动名词短语、带有逻辑主语的分词短语、和带有逻辑主语的动词不定时短语。在语法上，我们把他们分别称作：动名词的复合结构、分词独立主格结构、和动词不定时的forto结构。本文着重论述一下动词不定时的forto结构。一. 动名词的复合结构（the compound structure of gerund）1. 带有逻辑主语的动名词或动名词短语叫作“动名词复合结构”，其形式有如下两种：1). 人称代词所有格/名词所有格+动名词这种形式既可用于做主语也可用于作宾语。如： Peters coming wont help much. 彼德来没什么帮助。（主语） I insist on his going there. 我坚持他去那里。（宾语） 2). 名词通格/人称代词宾格+动名词这种形式在句子中只能用作宾语，不能用作主语。如： Sorry. I forget him coming to our evening party held last month. 对不起。我忘记了他来参加过我们上个月举行的晚会。 Do you mind the door being opened? 把门开开好吗？但在选用逻辑主语时，请注意动名词或其短语之前的名词如果是有生命的，通常用该名词的所有格表示；如果是无生命的，则用该名词的通格表示。例如： Bob insisted on Marys staying there for dinner. 鲍勃坚持玛丽留在那吃饭。 I dont mind the light being turned off. 我不介意关灯。2. 动名词复合结构的句法功能 1）作主语 Her childs taking part in physical training wont do any harm. 她的孩子参加体育锻炼没有什么坏处。 2）作动词的宾语 I dont remember her telling me that story. 我不记得她给我讲过那个故事。 3）作短语动词的宾语 The farmers insisted on students staying with them for another week. 农民们坚持要学生们再留一星期。 4）作介词宾语 His grandpa was awakened by the door being knocked. 他爷爷被敲门声吵醒了。 With the price of oil going up, Russian economy would be improved. 随着石油价格的上涨，俄罗斯的经济形式会有所好转。 二. 分词独立主格结构 (Nominative absolute structure of participle )1. 带有逻辑主语的分词或分词短语叫作分词独立主格结构。其构成 形式有下列3种： 1). 逻辑主语 + 现在分词 如： He was knocked down and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. 他被撞倒在地，血从鼻子里流出。 2）逻辑主语 + 现在分词的被动形式 如： The table being set, we began to dine. 桌子一摆好，我们就开始吃饭了。 3）逻辑主语 + 过去分词 Their house destroyed with the storm, they had to live temporarily in a room of a middle school. 暴风雨将房屋冲坏，他们只好暂时住在学校的一个房间里。2分词独立主格结构的句子功能 分词独立主格结构在逻辑上是主谓关系，因此可以理解成一个逻辑句子。在句子中作状语，可作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、和伴随状语，分别相当于一个时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、和并列句，其逻辑主语相当于状语从句或并列句的主语，后面分词部分相当于它们的谓语；独立主格结构译成汉语时或是译成一个状语从句，或是译成一个并列句子。如： 1)作时间状语 The plan having been approved (=When the plan has been approved,), what is most important is to put it into practice. 计划被批准以后，最重要的是付诸实施。 2)作原因状语The bus being about to depart(=Because the bus was about to depart,), he said goodbye to his friends in a hurry. 公共汽车就要开了，他匆忙向朋友们告别。 3)作条件状语 My health permitting (=If my health permits,), I will come in June. 如果我的健康状况许可的话，我将于六月份来。 4)作让步状语 So much money having being spent (=Though so much money has been spent), we have not seen any good result. 尽管花了这么多钱，我 们却不见任何好结果。 5). 作伴随状语 They had many talks with the native, the guide acting as interpreter(=and the guide acted as interpreter). 他们同当地人谈了多 次话，由向导任翻译。（表伴随状况）3. 分词独立主格的变化形式独立主格结构独立主格结构（nominative absolute structure）常见的独立主挌结构共有四种形式。即：1. 逻辑主语 + 动词不定式；2. 逻辑主语 + 介词短语; 3. 逻辑主语 + 形容词; 4. 逻辑主语 + 副词。这四种独立主挌结构的形式，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随，但作伴随状语的情况较多。为了让学生更好地理解，我们可以把分词独立主挌结构的变化形式看成：省略了分词的分词独立主挌结构。 1). 逻辑主语 + 动词不定式 如： The two friends said good-bye to each other, one to go to work, the other to go shopping (=, one being to go to work, the other being to go shopping =, and one was to go to work, the other was to go shopping ). （伴随状语）两个朋友彼此告别，一个去上班，另一个去购物。2). 逻辑主语 + 介词短语 Bedell lay down in an old box filled with hay, his rifle and crutches beside him. (= , his rifle and crutches being beside him. = , and his rifle and crutches were beside him.) (作伴随状语) 贝德尔躺在一个装满干草的旧箱子中, 他的枪和拐杖就放在他的身边。3). 逻辑主语 + 形容词 Dr. Ogden proposes to rid the language of a great many verbs some of them irregular, and hence difficult by substituting such compounds for them. (=, some of them being irregular, and hence difficult = because some of them are irregular, and hence difficult)（原因状语） 奥格登博士建议让英语语言抛弃大量动词，可以用上述的动词短语来代替它们，这是因为其中有些动词是不规则的，因此也是很难的。4). 逻辑主语 副词 The crying over, I ached, I was wronged, I was hurt. (=The crying over, =When the crying was over, )（时间状语）哭过以后，我感到阵阵心酸，好不委屈，心里真不是滋味儿。三. 动词不定时的复合结构 (the compound structure of infinitive)1. 带有逻辑主语的动词不定使或不定时短语叫做动词不定时的复合结构，通常被称作动词不定时的for.to.结构。该结构中的for没有词义，只是引导出动词不定时的逻辑主语。我们可以把动词不定时称作逻辑谓语，这样有了逻辑主语和逻辑谓语，我们就可以把forto结构看成一个逻辑的句子。2. 动词不定时的复合结构的句法功能 动词不定时的复合结构可在句子中作五种句子成份： 1). 作主语 (当forto结构作主语时，通常用先行代词it作形式 主语，代替forto结构。把forto结构移至谓语之后)It is absolutely necessary for students to assimilate information and make the right decisions based on critical thinking. (It是形式主语，for students to assimilate information and make the right decisions based on critical thinking是真正的主语)学生理解并消化信息，并通过批判性思维作出正确的决定是十分必要的。 When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. (It是形式主语，for him to walk是真正的主语)当地上覆盖着冰雪时，即使有人挽扶，他也难以行走。2). 作宾语 (当forto结构作宾语时，通常用先行代词it作形式 宾语，代替forto结构。把forto结构移至宾语补足语之后)Online chatting made it possible for me to reap the benefits of English learning. (it是形式宾语, for me to reap the benefits of English learning是真正宾语) 网上聊天使我能尝到学英语的甜头。 Now goverments and businesses realise bad air and water pollution affect everyone, making it difficult for cities to survive and for businesses to make a profit. (it是形式宾语, for cities to survive and for businesses to make a profit是真正宾语) 如今，政府和企业都认识到受到污染的空气和水会危害每一个人， 会使城市难以生存，公司无利可图。3). 作定语 a request for the boy to rush to Brooklyn was sent to the Red Cross director of the North Carolina Marine Corps camp. 向北卡罗来纳州海军陆战队营地的红十字机构的主任发出请求, 让那个年轻人赶紧回布鲁克林。 After much thought, I came up with a brilliant plan for Rich to meet my mother and win her over. 经过反复思考，我终于想出了一个绝妙的的计划, 让里奇与我妈见面，并把她争取过来。4). 作状语 For your life to meet with success, you need to renew your knowledge and improve your adaptability to society constantly. (目的状语)要使你的人生获得成功,你需要不断地更新知识、提高适应社会的能力。 The problem is too difficult for the stude