2013年英语高考情态动词和虚拟语气5.doc

情态动词和虚拟语气【知识点归纳】I.情态动词1.表示“能力、许可”的can /may表示能力的情态动词用can/couldA computer _think for itself, it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might not表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could? 或might? 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确(must表示一 定，必须，mustnt表示禁止，不许可)Tom, you _ play with the knife; you _ hurt yourself. A. wont, cant B. mustnt/may C. shouldnt/must D. cant, shouldnt在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。例如：they were able to/managed to jump into但在否定句中could/was(were)able to可以通用: I couldnt/wasnt able to see him yesterday.表示许可时用may/can都可以。只不过用may时较侧重讲话人的许可，而can较侧重客观情况的许可，must则表示必须做某事。2.表示“推断、判断”的can, may, must在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最为肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性：Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.在否定句中只能用can和may。此时cant用以代替mustnt，语气比may not更强。Cant中文可以翻译为“不可能”、may not中文可以翻译为“可能不”。Michael_ be a policeman, for hes much too short. A. neednt B. cant C. should D. may在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和mustHe may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now.3.表示“请求、提议”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转Can (Could)you give me a lift to the station?4.表示“惊讶、怀疑”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转Who can it be at this time of day?这个时候到底会是谁呢?5.构成下列特殊句式的cancan not/can nevertoo cannotenough“无论怎么也不为过分，越越好，非常”cant help doing, cannot help but do, cannot but do“禁不住，不由得，不得不”6.表示祝愿、祝福的may,此时句子用倒装语序 May he live to an old age!愿他长命百岁!7.shall: 用于第一、三人称表征求对方的意见;用于第二、三人称表说话人给对方的警告、命令、允诺、威胁；用于法律、法规等条文中表 应，须，得What shall we do this evening? 注意：may用于征求对方的许可，而shall用于征求对方的意见或指示：May I have a look?我能看一看吗? Shall I have a look? 需要我看一看吗?You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告) He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)He shall be punished.(威胁) The fine shall be given in cash.罚款须以现金缴纳。8. should （表义务、责任的）应该 You should apologize to him（表预期的）应该会，想必会，一定会把 The photos should be ready by 12:00.（表惊讶、遗憾的）竟然、居然 Im surprised that you should speak in such a way.（与疑问词连用，表意外、惊讶、纳闷等的）究竟是，到底 Who should come in but my old friend Betty.我当究竟是谁进来了呢，原来是我的老朋友贝蒂呀。（用于表示命令、建议、请求等词后面的that从句中，且should可以省略）应该，必须I suggested that he (should)change his mind. My suggestion was that he (should)change his mind.注意：ought to表示 “应该” (与should同义, 只是语气稍重一些), 也可表示推测。 You ought to take care of him. He ought to be home by now.9.will/would 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气 Would you pass me the book?表示意志、愿望和决心 I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that again可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向 During the vacation he would visit me every week表示估计或猜想 It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there?10.dare和need need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。 dare作为情态动词用时有两中形式：dare和dared两个词形。除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。If he dare come, I will kick him out. I dont know whether he dare say.10.情态动词+have done的用法:could + have done：本可以做而实际上未能做 You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.cannot + have done：表示对过去行为的否定推测 He cannot have been to that town.can+主语+have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定 Can he have got the book?might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测 He may not have finished the work.must + have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have doneYou must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film.neednt + have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了 You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.注意：didnt need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didnt need to clean the windows. Mary did it 2 hours ago.should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。 其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。You should have started earlier, but you didnt. She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.注意：本结构还可以表“推测”的意思 He should have finished the work by now.11.其它情态动词have to表示 “必须, 不得不”, 在这个意义上与must很接近, 但must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而 have to表示的却是客观需要. have to比must有更多的形式。注意：在回答must的问句时, 否定式常用need not(neednt)或dont have to表示 “不必”。而不用 must not, 因为must not表示 “不可以”。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态(现在已不复如此)Did you use to go there to see your brother? /Used you to go there to see your brother?Yes, I did(used to). /No , I didnt (usednt).注意：would也可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，但是不涉及到现在。had better 表示 “最好(做)”其否定式为had better notII.虚拟语气(一)一般虚拟结构类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）;主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here, he would help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might + have+过去分词If I had been free, I would have visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/ should+动词原形/ were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。(二)混合虚拟结构: 1.不同时间的虚拟If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. (从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反)If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. (从句与过去事实相反，and后面的主句与现在事实相反)2.虚拟与陈述的混合 He could have passed the exam, but he wasnt careful enough. (三)特殊句式虚拟结构1.省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。 Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。2.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )doHe suggested that we (should) save money for the future. The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点,事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。3.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required+ that从句(should) do4.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal+ is +表语从句(should)do5.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement+ 同位语从句(should )do+ is.6.It is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should) do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。Its strange that he should have missed the train. (表竟然)It is important that we should learn from others.(表理应如此)It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)7.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反); wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)8.It is (high/about) time + 从句(did或should do )9.would rather + clause (did 与现在或将来相反);(had done 与过去相反)10.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。省去条件从句 You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + clause ( did/were与现在相反)/ (would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是.就好了”If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)If only he would come tomorrow! If only I were ten years younger!注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。11.as if + clause (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might + do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)12.would like/was/were to have done something I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me.13.but for+名词 But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.14.注意虚拟条件从句的特殊形式Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.15.注意转折语气连词引导的虚拟语气He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.16.注意分词和独立结构引导的虚拟语气 Given more than two hours, we could have done the work better.情态动词和虚拟语气【高考预测】1. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today? I _ all the way here _the heavy snow.A. neednt have driven;through B. cant have driven;acrossC. mustnt have driven;through D. shouldnt have driven;cross2. Mum, its none of my business. Why _ I care? Just because she is your sister.A. can B. should C. will D. may3. I didnt know you were good friends .You _.I have known her since she moved here. You were studying abroad then.A.may have B.neednt have C.couldnt have D.must have4. The concert was wonderful!Really? How I wish I _to the theatre with you yesterday!A. had gone B. might go C. were able to go D. would go5.The two strangers have been talking in the park for a long time as though they _old friends.A. are B. should be C. were D. would be6. _the heavy rain, we _the town.A. But for; should have reached B. Because of; would have reachedC. During the period of; we would reach D. In spite of; we should have reached7. If William _, he _that green peach.Luckily he was sent to the hospital in time.A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken8. Is it good to look up every new word when I come across it in reading?No. You _because you are likely to guess the meaning from the context.A. cant B. mustnt C. dont have to D.ought not to9. _I use your computer to send an e-mail?Yes, you _. But you mustnt keep it too long.Ill surf the Internet after supper.A. Could; could B. Could; must C. Can; can D. Could; can10. When he lived there, he _go to that book shop at the corner with his girlfriend after work every day.A. would B. should C. had better D. might11. I hear youve got a set of Australian coins. _I have a look? Yes, certainly.A. Do B. May C.Shall D. Should12. What happened to the young trees we planted last week?The trees_well, but I didnt water them.A. might grow B. neednt have grown C. would grow D. would have grown13. What _ had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?A. would happen B.could happen C. would have happened D.neednt have happened14. Hurry up,Tom.Its high time we_ to the theater.A. will B. shall C. are going to D. went15. Do you think he will do me a favor? As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He_be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. might B. must C. can D. should16. Even though Id hurt my leg, I_swim back to the river bank.A. could B. might C. had to D. was able to17. It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire? No, we_because things are easy to catch fire.A. wont B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt18.Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?I would have, but I _so busy then.A. had been B. were C. was D. would be19. The young man insisted that he_ these watches and_free.A. stole, set B. had stolen, be set C. steal, be set D. had stolen; must be set20. I _your address, otherwise I_you long before.A. had forgotten,had visited B.forgot, have visitedC. forgot,would have visited D.have forgotten,would visit21. I_you a beautiful present for your birthday,but I was short of money at that time.A. would buy B. had bought C. would like to have bought D. must have bought22.Do you feel like _ there or shall we take a bus?Id like to walk. But since there isnt much time left, Id rather we_ a taxi.A. walking,hire B. to walk, hire C. to walk,hired D. walking, hired23. Miss White has decided to explore in the forest by herself.She_ask her boyfriend to if she _go walking in the forest.A.neednt to,dares to http:/ B.doesnt need, dares C.need not to,dare to D.neednt, dare24. His failure in the exam suggested that he _ the teachers instructions.A. cant have followed http:/ B. neednt have followedC. mustnt have followed D. shouldnt have followed25.I _ you, but I didnt think you would listen to me.A.could have told B.must have told C.should tell D.might rell26.Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You_believe it! http:/A.shouldnt B.wouldnt C.mustnt D.neednt27. The managers health was getting worse and worse because of heavy burden，so the doctor stronglyrecommended that he a holiday.A.took B.would take C.must take D.take28. Its so cold! Why not close the do