高中语法讲义词法2.docVIP

动词动词的种类 实义动词 及物不及物延续非延续 buy-have, leave- be away, borrowkeep, come-be in, go，join-be in+某处(团体)，die-be dead, become-be. 连系动词 表特征或状态， be, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel摸起来，感觉到,seem似乎，stand处于某种状态，remain仍然， keep保持， stay继续,表变化过程 become, get, grow, turn（颜色变化，也可用go）, prove证明是, go（向不好的方面变化）， fall变得。 情态动词和助动词动词的时态 时（现在、过去、将来、过去将来） 体（一般、进行、完成、完成进行） 16种动词的语态 主被动动词的语气 陈述和虚拟动词的非谓 不定式、动名词和分词（现分、过分）一、 动词的五种形式 三种形式同型的不规则动词 beset, cast, cut, hurt, let, read, shed, split, thrust, burst, cost, hit, inset, put, set, shut, spread.三种形式不同型的动词，有两种形式的过去时和过去分词的动词，过去时和过去分词同形的动词二、16种时态列表 10种被动态一般进行完成完成进行（没有被动）现在1112过去1112将来12 没有被动态2 过去将来1没有被动态说明：一般现在时 可表将来 在时间表或条件、时间状从句中 一般过去时 在条件、时间状从中表过去将来。 一般将来时 有其它五种方式表将来。Be to do, 表示来去走到的几个动词用进行时表将来，be about to, 一般现在时，be going to 常不用进行式的词：contain, cost, depend on, matter, exist, fit, own, stand for, 感官, like, mind, want, mean, know, understand, remember, think, believe, wish.三、情态动词能力CanCouldBe able toCant help doing许可Can 非正式语体，主语是you必用CouldMaymight可能Can 表理论上可能 it can be yours，cant不可能Could，不可能May 表事实上可能、不用于疑问句Might，+not 可能不（否定后面的）请求willwouldcanCould意志Will表句子主语的意志，主语无生命否定表其自然属性Shall表说话人的强烈意志、用于二三人称告示过去习惯Used to +v. 已经结束的习惯推测shouldOught toWould(will) must征求意见shallshouldShall we go out for dinner tonight?愿望Should 委婉的愿望 I would appreciate your presence.Would Would rather + 省略to的不定式 I would rather see you come. Than go.必须Must neednt mustnt- mayHave to 时态更多，否定是dont have to 应该shouldOught to语气更强 you ought not to smoke so much. Ought I to go?最好Had better (not) + 动原 被动：had better be done敢于Dare(d) 常用于否定或疑问 how dare you say I am unfair? None dared speak to him.说明：He could not be honest.他不可能诚实。 He might not be honest. 他可能不诚实。 Lisa may well not want to go on the trip-she hates traveling.可能不太 The window wont open. 这窗户打不开。 Would + do 对现在或将来的推测 would + have done 对过去情况的推测。 Will表推测时主语多是第二三人称。That will be all that I want to say. 表推测时，can 不肯（不用于肯定句），may 不问（一般不用于疑问句）， must 不否问（一般不用于否定或疑问）。Would rather的否定形式would rather not + do, 疑问形式：would前提于主语前。 Shall we go skating or stay at home? Which would you rather do yourself?2、 情态动词 + have done结构表推测：must +have(been) + 过去分词(doing) 用于肯定句中，表对过去发生行为的推测 “准是” 否定形式为cant (couldnt), 反意疑问时要用didnt或havent He must have studied English last night, didnt he? He must have studied English for years, hasnt he? Can(could)+have + done 用于疑问句中，表示推测 My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where can I have put it? 表对过去本来可能做而未做事情的一种责备 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he could have expressed it differently. Cant(couldnt) + have + done 用于否定句中，表推测 She cant have left school, for her bike is still here.表责备： Should have done 表本应该做而实际未做到，译为“本该”带有责备 should=ought to, 表示的语气更强烈 she ought (not) to have told you the secret. May(might) have done 表本可以而没有做 一般只用于肯定或否定，疑问时用can. He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy. Neednt have done 表做了不必要做的事，意为“本可不必” 一般只用于否定和疑问句。You neednt have bought present for him on his birthday.四、助动词1、分类 时态助动词： be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), have (has, had, having, had), will (would), shall (should)结构助动词： do (does, did)2、do have be 做助动词与实义动词（系动词）的区别3、用法 时态助动词的形式要随主语变化；可以构成疑问句；一个句子中只能有一个情态动词，但可以有多个助动词，比如现在完成进行时的have 和been。 Be+ 现在分词=进行时 be + 过去分词=被动 have + 过去分词=完成式 g done- en done- en doing 结构助动词do：可以代替前句的主动词避免重复，一般用在than, so, nor, as之后。He spends as much time playing as he does (=spends) writing. 可以构成否定和疑问句。 用于加强语气。 在一般现在时的肯定句中，谓语动词前加do或does表强调 People in Sweden do pay taxes on everything. （确实） 在一般过去时中，用did加强语气。 I did loved her.(确实) 在动词前有否定意义的词修饰时，do表强调只能加在否定词和谓语动词之间。She seldom does come late.五、被动语态speak一般进行完成完成进行（没有被动）现在speakam speakinghave spokenhave been speakingIs spokenAm being spokenHave been spoken过去Spokewas speakinghad spokenhad been speakingWas spokenWas being spokenHad been spoken将来will speakwill speaking will have spokenWill have been speakingWill be spoken/Will have been spoken过去将来would speakWould be speakingWould have spokenWould have been speakingWould be spoken/Would have been spoken黑色字体是中学，红色字体是高中,兰色是非大纲。 被动态没有完成进行式和将来进行时。只要看到实义动词的过去分词，要么是完成要么是被动。1、主动变被动时，因vi.不可跟宾语，所以没有被动语态。Will you go skiing with me? It all depends. (is all depended)2、含有宾语从句的主动变被动为 It + be + 动词的过分 + 主语从句（原宾从） We may infer from the text that Journal of Phonetics is a magazine on speech sound. It may be inferred from the text that journal of phonetics is a magazine on speech sounds. it is said that, it is supposed that, it must be pointed out that,we say that.3、双宾的被动 My mother told me a funny story. I was told a funny story by mother. A funny story was told to me by mother.4、复合宾语的被动 Mum warned me never to drive after drinking. I was warned never to drive after drinking. I heard my father cry out. My father was heard to cry out 5、含有情态动词的被动 People say that a smile can be passed from one person to another.6、含有be going to, be to结构的谓语变被动 在其后加be + 过分 How many tress are going to be planted today?7、被动结构还可由get + 过分来构成 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.8、被动结构与系表的区别 前者强调动作后者表示状态 The window was covered with snow.(系表)9、不用被动的vt.：表状态或关系的动词：宾语为反身代词时 She enjoyed herself. 宾语为不定式或动名词时 She like to read news . 表状态的词：her shoes match her dress. The book belong to Sarah. 当leave, enter, reach等的宾语表地点、处所、组织时。 当成固定短语时： keep ones word, make up ones mind, do ones best, lose heart(灰心)10、主动可表被动的vi: feel, smell, sound, taste, look, prove,等后接形容词作表语时， it smells good or because it tastes good 这首诗不好译 由及物转化来的vi，用主动代替被动： cut, lock, open, read, shut, wear, write, translate.句子主语多是事物， this poem doesnt translate well. 六、动词的语气（陈述、祈使和虚拟）虚拟表示不可能实现的愿望、想象或与事实相反的假设。实际上就是非真实条件句或第二、三条件句条件句按不同分类法可分为零条件、第一条件和第二条件、第三条件 真实条件和非真实条件1. 虚拟语气的假设分三种情况 与现在事实相反 过去式 would + 动原 be动词的过去式一律用were 与将来事实相反 过去式（were） Should + 动原 would + 动原 第二条件句 Were to + 动原与过去事实相反 过去完成 would + have done 第三条件句If I were a bird, I could fly In the sky. If I were you , I would tell him to leave me alone. If it hadnt rain, I couldnt have been wet.2. 虚拟语气中非真实条件句中的引导词if 可以省略。 但从句需倒装。 Had Bob walked farther, what would have happened? 引导词if 也可以有其它词代替：without, but for, otherwise, 表示一种含蓄条件。 But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we could have managed it without you. Jack cant have arrived yet, otherwise (,) he would have telephoned me.3.虚拟语气的其它用法 状语从句中：目的状从（so that, in order that）中，动词用“would( might, could, should) + 动原” 主句中的时态 I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more comfortably. 方式状从（as if, as though）中，若含义与事实反，动词虚拟：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 从句时态 此时若从句动作（break）与主句动作(look)同时发生，从句用过去式（were）;若从句动作先于主句，则从句用had + 过分。The two strangers talked as if they had been friends for years. 让步状从（even if, even though）中，若与事实反就用虚拟：Even if I were rich, I would work.表示一种不能实现的愿望时(用的是从句时态)： If only that photo werent missing! If only I had had a few lessons for practice.! 宾语从句中：表建议、命令、要求的动词（suggest, order, demand）后的宾从中，要用虚拟，形式为（should +）动原。 一坚持insist, 二命令order, command, 四建议suggest, advise, recommend, propose, 四要求 demand, request, require, ask. The doctor recommended that you shouldnt swim after eating a large meal. Wish后的宾从中用虚拟表示与事实相反的愿望（三种形式）。I feel so sick. I wish Mum hadnt forced me to eat so much. 从句中的时态 I wish I would take one of my children out alone.(将来没有把握的愿望) Would rather, would prefer后的宾从中用虚拟：I would rather he came next Sunday. I would prefer you had seen the film yesterday.主语从句中：It + be + suggested + that + (should +) 动原 It + be + important + that + (should +) 动原 desirable, better, strange, necessary, surprising and etc.表语从句中：当表命令、要求、建议做主语时，其后的表语从句也用虚拟：The workers requirement was that their working conditions be improved.六、动词的语气（陈述、祈使和虚拟）虚拟表示不可能实现的愿望、想象或与事实相反的假设。实际上就是非真实条件句或第二、三条件句条件句按不同分类法可分为零条件、第一条件和第二条件、第三条件 真实条件和非真实条件1. 虚拟语气的假设分三种情况 与现在事实相反 过去式 would + 动原 be动词的过去式一律用were 与将来事实相反 过去式（were） Should + 动原 would + 动原 第二条件句 Were to + 动原与过去事实相反 过去完成 would + have done 第三条件句If I were a bird, I could fly In the sky. If I were you , I would tell him to leave me alone. If it hadnt rain, I couldnt have been wet.2. 虚拟语气中非真实条件句中的引导词if 可以省略。 但从句需倒装。 Had Bob walked farther, what would have happened? 引导词if 也可以有其它词代替：without, but for, otherwise, 表示一种含蓄条件。 But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we could have managed it without you. Jack cant have arrived yet, otherwise (,) he would have telephoned me.3. 混合虚拟七、非谓语形式项目不定式动名词分词现分过分形式具备名动形副词的特征名词，动词（有完成和被动式）具有形的特征，可做表定补；有副词特征，可作状可以带自己的宾和状语，称为不定式短语也可以带自己的主宾和状语也可以带自己的宾语和状语否定形式not toNot doing分词前+not复合结构是for + n. （逻辑主语）+ 不定式 Of+ n.此结构若作宾补，宾语是其逻辑主语，不用介词复合结构由逻辑主语（形容性物代或所有格） + 动名词构成口语中可用宾格代替形容词性物主代词 you calling当逻辑主语是无生命时一般用普通格 多用作主和宾语多作状语 she being absent from the meeting, we felt unhappy.His being knocked down by a car worried us.连接词wh- + 不定式的结构可作主宾表Why + (not) do时态一般：to do 不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后或同时进行：to be doing 不定式动作正在进行完成：to have done 不定式动作先于谓语动词一般：making 多表示无明确时间性的动作，也可表与谓语同时或稍后的动作完成：having made 表示的动作发生在谓语之前一般式making表主动和进行完成式having made一般式表被动和完成，无其它形式被动一般：to be done 表示未来将要被执行完成：to have been done 强调一个已被完成的动作一般：being made 表示其逻辑主语是动作承受者完成：having been made 表动名词动作在谓语前，常用一般式替一艉式being made完成式having been made句法功能主To dance is a funny thing.(可用it 替)To see is to believe.(不可用it替)Is it possible for you to attend the party?(必用it替)It is kind(important) of(for) you to do sth.Playing basketball is my hobby.(表概括性和一般性的行为)It is no use doing sth.当由现分和过分变化而来的adj.与the连用时表一类人或事，可作主语或宾语 the dying, (垂死 的人)The wounded(伤员)宾只接不定式的动词：不定式符号可省略的情况若作介词的宾语，则用wh- + 不定式But, except之后可省略to(前有do)Help sb. (to) do sth.只接动名词的动词短语Do you mind opening the window?常作介词的宾语，作形容词worth和busy的宾语表My hobby is to play ball.My job is teaching English.表一般和经常的动作定要后置have you anything to say?说明其所修饰n的用途 a swimming pool = a pool for swimming表示所修饰n的动作 a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing状可作目的、原因等。区别可表时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随补实际上就是宾语+不定式，即复合结构。宾语是其逻辑主语，I ask you to open the door.Stop, remember, forget, regret, try, mean 在疑问句中，多用动名词复合结构作主语而不是不定式区别不定式动名词现分过分主语具体某一次的动作it作其形式主语一般、经常性的动作常位于句首表语具有名词性质，说明主语的内容 my job is teaching (to teach).具有adj的性质，说明主语的性质或特征,逻辑关系的主被动区分用现分还是过分The game was interesting and he was interested in it.宾语Like, love, hate之后不定式表一次具体，动名词表习惯Begin和start若本身为进行式，或其后的非谓是表心理时，宾语常用不定式。I began to understand my mistake.在remember, forget, regret, mean, stop, try, go on后两者不同宾补Ask, want, beg, order, warn, remind, teach, urge, encourage, persuade, advise, invite, allow, permit, forbid, cause常接Would like/love, prefer, want常接使役动词make, have, let, get ,leave可接感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe可接Catch, set, send常接Dont let me catch you napping.Keep, find可接使役动词make, have, let, get ,leave可接感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe可接宾和补存在逻辑上的被动Keep, find可接使役动词make, have, let, get ,leave可接感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe可接定语多表未来的动作表示被修饰词的用途，且彼此间无逻辑关系 a washing machine表正在进行的动作，且是主动发生在过去或没有一定的时间性的动作，被动状语可表目的、结果、程度多表时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随逻辑主语由for短语构成形容词性物代或所有格构成由主格代词和名词构成做定语的区别：I have something to say. Who is the young man standing over there? Two hundred stolen bicycles were returned last month.不定式： How are you managing to do your work (without an assistant)? It was a mistake for her not to marry Tom. My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills. I hope to hear from you soon. I hurried into professors office; he seemed to be expecting me. I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. We are looking forward to attending the opening ceremony of the art festival to be held nest week.Let your mother know all the truth. She appears to have been told everything. Consider 后若加系动词be, 用不定式的一般式 There are six spoken languages that are considered to be native to the British. 后若加行为动词时，用不定式完成式 Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer. Want, hope, wish, agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend. Begin, learn, fail, plan, refuse, She cry to obtain sympathy.(目的) She cry to hear the news(原因) hear表示的动作先于cry. 省略不定式符号to的场合：感官动词和使役动词后、半助动词would rather, had better, rather than、两个并列时、情态动词后。动名词 Drinking some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure. Doing well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university. The discovery of new evidence led to the thief being caught. I still remember being taken to the school. He remembered been attacked by a man. 考虑建议盼原谅， 承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否定完成就欣赏。禁止想象冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。Appreciate, admit, advise, allow, permit, avoid, bear, stand, consider, deny, delay, put off, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forbid, fancy, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practice, suggest, prevent, persuade, recommend, risk.Persuade, allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend用动名词作宾语，接不定式作宾补。 Give up, cant help, insist on, be fond of, set about, depend on, dream of, feel like, be proud of, excuse sb. For, prevent/keep/stop sb from, succeed in, It was possible to give without expecting anything in return.不期望回报的给予是可能的。be worth doing(主动表被动的用法，主语往往是物). Be worthy of + 被动（可以是动名词也可以是不定式）this book is worth reading = this book is worthy of being read = is worthy to be read.在want, need和require之后+ 动名词作宾语 = 被动含义 two-thirds of the buildings need repairing = need to be repaired. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. The presidents attending the meeting himself gave them lots of encouragement. The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard outside the room. Does our saying that mean anything to you? I hear they have promoted Tom, but he didnt mention having been promoted when we talked on the phone.在remember, forget, regret, excuse, thank, apologize等后，可以用一般式代替完成式。 介词to: devote to, owe to, be used to, be accustomed to, stick to, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, refer to,动名词的特殊用法：简短的提示语多用其表示 NO smoking and no drinking are allowed here. 这里不允许抽烟喝酒。现在分词和过去分词用法比较项目现分过分例句形式具有形的特征，可做表定补；有副词特征，可作状Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.也可以带自己的宾语和状语否定结构分词前+notNot realizing that he was in great danger, he walked deeper into the forest.独立主格只作状语 she being absent from the meeting, we felt unhappy.His being knocked down by a car worried us.主语是名词或代词A small plane crashed into a hillside, killing all four people on board.作状语Now that we have discussed our problem, are people happy with the decision taken? 作定语，被动用过分。时态一般式making表主动和进行完成式having made 表分词的动作在谓语之前。The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.一般式表被动和完成没有其它形式，vi没有被动表被动 现分的被动 表正在进行的动作 the question being discussed now is important.vt的过分 多表已完成的动作 the pro