英语中三大从句之本质解释.doc

合肥工业大学三大从句之本质解释-岳生伟三大从句定语从句名词从句状语从句一：定语从句的结构：先行词 +（关联词）+从句解决定语从句题目的关键：把先行词代入从句，重新组成句子；先行词做状语，用关系副词（when，where，why）先行词做主语、宾语，用关系代词（that，which，who，whom）What不能用在定语从句中。前面已经讲过我们就不讲了。例题：1. She says that shell never forget the time _ shes spent working as a secretary in our company. A. which B. when C. how D. where 【陷阱】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where. 【分析】正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that.比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when：变式：（1） Our company will move to a tall building _ we bought last month. A. which B. when C. how D. where（2） Our company will move to a tall building _ we worked two years ago. A. where B. when C. that D. which二：名词从句：本质：把完整的句子当名词来使用，用其来充当另一个句子的某种成分。一般情况下，名词在句子中只做四种成分：l 主语：主语从句l 宾语：宾语从句l 表语：跟在系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等词后+adjl 同位语：同位语从句。问题的关键：可以把什么样的句子来当名词呢？ 陈述句（that）；一般疑问句（whether；if）；特殊疑问句（when；where；why；how；which） 总之： 三种句子；四种成分 1：主语从句： 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if，as if和because等连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom等以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。because引导表语从句。注：whom、who指人，what指物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意义。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown. It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1） It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 例题：1. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.A. It B. This C. What D. As2. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future.A. as B. which C. whether D. that2 宾语从句名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样 u 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 u 2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： I want to know what he has told you.u 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if： 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.Everything depends on whether we have enough money.I wonder whether he will come or not.。 u 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如： I know (that) he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时） I know (that) he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时） I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时） I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时） 当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如： The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America u think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. I dont believe he will do so. 3 表语从句系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game.Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies.That is why he didnt come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. 需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 4 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea that when he will come back home. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 题目：1.She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever2.The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A. what B. which C. that D. though3.One of the most important questions they had to consider was of public healthA. what B. this C. that D. which 4.As a new diplomat, he often thinks of he can react more appropriately on such occasions.A. what B. which C. that