高中英语语法系列动词.doc

第十章 动词（二）时态+被动语态一动词时态5.现在完成时（1）表示过去发生的或是已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Have you had your lunch yet? -Yes,Ihave. I have just had it.(说明现在饱了)I have lost my pen.(过去丢的，现在还没找到)I have already watched the TV play.Have you found your lost pen?-No,I havent found it yet.注意：already和yet常和现在完成时连用，already用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末。Yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中表示“还”，常放句末。 （2）表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常和for、since连用，表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。We have lived haere since 2000. I have studied English for eight years.（3）几个副词在现在完成时中的用法just意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。He has just come back from Beijing.ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。Have you ever been to Shanghai?never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，多放在助动词与过去分词之间I have never traveled by plane before.before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。I havent heard of it before.since+时间点，for+时间段（4）延续动词与非延续性动词的用法现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时要注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不与现在完成时连用Ive left this school for eight years. Ive been away from this school for eight years.延续性动词与非延续性动词对应表非延续性buyborrowopencloseBegin/startcomegofinishDied延续性havekeepBe openBe closedonBe hereBe awayBe overBe deadCatch a coldPut onGet upWake upFall asleeplosejoinleaveArriveReachHave a coldwearBe upBe awakeBe asleepNot haveBe (in)Be away frombe注意：在句型“it is+一段时间+since从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式。 It is two years since the old man died.6过去进行时（1）表示过去，某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语then、at that time、this time yesterday等连用，或用另一种动作表示过去的时间。What were you doing at nine last night?-I was watching TV ay that time.He was reading when I came in.I was doing my homework while my parents were watching TV.（2）过去进行时常和always等时间副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作，此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。Alice was always changing her mind.7过去完成时 过去完成时指的是到过去某个时间已经完成的动作或装态。“过去的过去”。过去完成时中一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作与其比较，使用过去完成时的动作发生在该过去时的动作之前。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by last week, by the end of last year. 等She had left by the time I arrived.He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here.Mary died yesterday.She had been a good friend of mine.8.过去将来时（1）表示从过去某一时间看待将来发生的动作做或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中，由“would+动词原形”构成。He said he would buy some fruit for his sister.He asked when the meeting would end.（2）表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作，用were/was going to doI thought it was going to rain soon.They were going to start a new job when I saw them then.（3） go、come、leave、arrive、start等动词，其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作 I was leaving for Liuan the time you saw me.9.现在完成进行时 have/has been doing （1）现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这种时态多用延续性动词：live/lie/stay/wait/stand/rest/ 常和all this week, this week , this month , all night , all the morning 等状语以及 since 和for所引导的时间状语或从句连用。What have you been doing all this time?(动作可能延续下去)I have been fixing the fridge all this morning.Have you been waiting long for me?（2）现在完成进行时表示感情色彩 有时带有强烈的表扬或厌恶等感情色彩I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.You know, you really have been making things terribly difficult for him.10将来完成时（1）现在将来将来完成时主要表示在将来的某个时间将会完成的动作，并常对将来的某一时间产生影响。往往不予表示将来的时间状语连用。We shall have fulfilled the task by the end of this week.They will have moved to the new house when it has been painted.Youll very soon have forgotten all about the qurrel.（2）过去将来完成时 主要用于以过去某时间为参照，表达到过去某一时刻将会完成的事情。 They said they would have finished the work by the end of last year. 注意：would have done 也可以表示虚拟语气，“本应该做某事而没做”；也可以表示一种推测.I guess they would have finished the task.You would have come here yesterday.11.将来进行时 表示将来某时间正在发生的事情，通常表示此事情一定会发生 I will be waiting for here tomorrow.12.其它时态简介 礼貌时态：为了使说话的口气变得更加婉转，更加得体，运用特殊的时态进行表达，这种时态就叫“礼貌时态”。常用的礼貌时态有现在进行时、过去时、过去进行时，这些时态并不表示真实的时间，只是礼貌程度上的差异We are looking forward to hearing from you.Im wanting you to lend me a hand.Could you please help out?Im wondering if I could sit here.I was wondering if I could sit here?Tips：在动词的时态运用中，一般来讲完成时是不和具体的时间连用的（ago、yesterday、last week、in 2000、just now等）；一般和大概的时间状语连用（already、yet、still、just、so far、in the past、before、ever、never、since）Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in the park.?I have never seen the film before.Father bought that watch ten years ago.二动词的辨析1.look for find 2.listen to hear3.hung hunged4.lose fail beat win5.lose forget leave6.think of think about think over7.join take part in attend8.have been to have been in have gone to9.lie lay 三被动语态1.被动语态的构成（1）被动语态的基本结构是：be +及物动词的过去分词（2）各种时态的主动被动时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesBe+done一般过去时didWas/were+done现在进行时Be+doingBe+being done现在完成时Have/has+doneHave+been done一般将来时Will/be going to+doWill/be going to+be done过去进行时Was doingWas being done过去完成时Had doneHad been done过去将来时Would doWould be done含有情态动词can/may+docan/may+be done2.被动语态的用法强调动作的承受者 当强调动作的承受者，讲承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态The plan was successfully carried out.Many houses were destroyed in the war.Mr.White is greatly respested by all of us.不必或不知动作的执行者 当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态Breakfast is provided in our hotel from 7 to 9 oclock on weekdays.Printing was introduced into Europe from China.All the work has been finished by now.This car is made in China.动作的执行者不是人，而是没有生命的事物The window glass was broken by a stone.I was deeply impressed by Jimmys good behavors.This program has been broadcast by the local radio station many times.为了礼貌起见避免提及动作的执行者 I have been told many times not to make noises.The floor has been dirtied,let us get it cleaned.句法修辞的需要 有时为了使句子保持平衡，常用被动语态The lecture will be made by Joe,who is a young artist from the States.The prizes will be given to those who have made great contributions to the world.习惯用法的需要Im interested in English. Monica was born in China.3.主动语态和被动语态的转换（1）要将主句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾语个变为主格；把主动句中的主语变为宾语，并用by引导；谓语动词变为相应的形式We asked him to sing an English song._All of us like Chinese very much._（2）带双宾语的宾语从句变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以讲间接宾语转化为主语，也可将直接宾语转化为主语。若将直接宾语转化为主语，要在间接宾语前加上to或forShe gave me a book._My father buys me a new bike._（3）带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 只把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾补保留在原处，成为主语补足语（主补）。I heard Jane playing the piano I her room._The parents make the child a success._（4）动词短语变为被动语态 其是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可舍弃成份。 We should speak to old men politely._ I have caught up with my classmates._（5）被动语态后动词形式的选择 主动句在感官动词see、heart、等，及使役动词let、make、have等后面跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时要还原toHe makes the girl stay at home._I see you go to the Shop._4.主动结构表被动意义。open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时，他们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义This kind of pen writes very smoothly.This kind of shirt sells well there.look、sound、taste、smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义The uniforms look ugly on us. Moon caks tas