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英语四种时态顺口溜1)一般现在时现在经常做的事,记住主语、结构和特征。“是”有三变要记请,它们就是“am, is ,are,一般动词见she, he ,it,不忘后面加s/es,其它一律用原形,还有have和has,看着“人”来用。表示“某地有”,别忘there be ,be要随着主语变。2)一般将来时不久将要发生事,记住要用将来时。be加going to ,后面跟着动原形,be的形式要记住,随着主语及时变。还有一种表达法,will后要加动原形。3)现在进行时正在做的事,be加动词ing,变疑问,be提前,be的形式有三变,就是am , is , are,要用哪一个,看谁作主语。4)一般过去时事情已发生,动词用过去,动词过去式,变化有规律,一般动词后面加ed ;be用 was或者were ,have , has变 had ,见到不发音字母 e 结尾,直接加 d 就可以;辅音字母加 y 来结尾,变 y 为 i 别忘加 ed ;重读闭音节双写尾字母,后面还要加ed .其它特殊变化要牢记。四种时态要分清,时间状语各不同,动词变化不一样,具体情况弄明白,多用多练易掌握。一般现在时,现在经常做的事。有点特殊要记住,第三人称单数作主语,动词后面要加s / es,其它人称作主语,动词只需用原形。现在进行时,正在做的事。be 后跟着动词ing,还有be要跟着主语变。一般将来时,不久将要发生事。be 加going to,后面跟着动原形,be的变化别忘记。还有will 加动原形,也是表将来。一般过去时,事情已发生。变化在动词,多数后面加ed,还有特殊要牢记。及物动词,也称他动词,外动词,必须带宾语的动词和能够带受事宾语或关系宾语的动词。不及物动词,也称自动词,内动词,不能直接带宾语的动词和能带施事宾语的动词。及物动词与不及物动词的根本区别是:及物动词能带宾语,如“他买菜”、“写书”、“挖洞”等;不及物动词不能直接带宾语。如“游行”、“出发”、“休息”等,就不能直接带宾语,不能说“游行学生”。所谓及物动词,就是谓语动词(predicative verb),不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的,不及物动词(intransitive verb)是不带宾语的。有许多动词,虽然性质是及物的,但不一定要有宾语,如下列的a和a便是这种情形:a. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day. a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 如果本质上就是不及物动词,就不会有宾语;若要宾语,就要借介词之助,一起连用才行,如b和b;a和a是错的;*a. The children are listening the music.b. The children are listening to the music.a. She is laughing the crippled man.b. She is laughing at the crippled man.反之,及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如上述的b和b,又如和: John is giving a book to me.Who will answer this question? 如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如: * Who will answer to this question?下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错: “We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “Awaiting”是个及物动词,后面的介词“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改为“waiting for”也行许。 多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如: Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. 名词复数的规则变化 _ 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 _ 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars _ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches _ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses _ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i 结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies _ 名词复数的不规则变化 1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼 名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle 工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 如:Johns and Marys room(两间) John and Marys room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or twos absence 动词第三人称单数 一、动词第三人称单数的变化规则及发音规律 动词原形变第三人称单数的规则与发音规律同名词单数变复数大致相同,请认真观察。 1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为s,在浊辅音及元音后发音为 z。如: stopstops s ; makemakes s readreads z ; playplays z 2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读iz 如: flyflies z; carrycarries z studystudies z; worryworries 3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,发音为iz 如: teachteaches iz; watchwatches iz 4、以“o”结尾的动词,加“es”,读z 如: gogoes z dodoes z 下面几个动词变为单数时,原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化,请注意记忆。 如: 1、do du:does dz 2、say seisays sez 以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是s,z时,加“s”后字母“e”发音, 与所加“s” 一起读做iz。 如: closecloses iz 二、对比词形变化中原词词尾变化之异同: 变“y”为“”现象 双写最后辅音字母现象 例词: babybabies carrycarries studystudying 动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1) 规则变化 一般在动词原形后加-ed look call open need looked called opened needed called opened needed 但fix的过去式和过去 分词x不双写,为fixed. 以-e结尾的动词加-d move phone hope agree moved phoned hoped agreed hoped 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i, 再加-ed study carry try studied studied carried studied 5stQdid carried 5kArid tried traid 以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play enjoy stay played enjoyed stayed played pleid enjoyed in5dVCid stayed steid 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop plan fit stopped planned fitted 以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母, 再加-ed prefer refer preferred referred preferred 2) 不规则变化 英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。 1动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 cut(切) hit(打) cast(扔) hurt(伤害) put(放) let(让) shut(关) cost(花费) set(放) rid(清除) cut hit cast hurt put let shut cost set rid cut hit cast hurt put let shut cost set rid 2过去式与过去分词完全同形。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 find(找到) pay(支付) leave(离开) lend(借出) meet(遇见) keep(保持) lose(丢失) teach(教) sit(坐) lead(引导) win(赢)除) found paid left lent met kept lost taught sat led won found paid left lent met kept lost taught sat led won 3动词原形与过去分词同形 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 come(来) run(跑) become(成为) came ran became come run become 4动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 give(给) fly(飞) drink(喝) see(看见) go(去) know(知道) wear(穿) speak(说) gave flew drank saw went knew wore spoke given flown drunk seen gone known worn spoken 5过去式和过去分词有两种形式 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 burn(燃烧) burned burnt burned burnt learn(学习) learned learnt learned learnt smell(闻) smelled smelt smelled smelt spell (拼写) spelled spelt spelled spelt shine (照射) shined shone shined shone leap (跳) leaped leapt leaped leapt 提示 a. beat的过去式与原形同形: 比:beat(打击) beat(过去式) beaten(过去分词) b. lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:lie lied, lied(说谎) lay, lain(躺,位于) c. hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:hang hanged, hanged(处绞刑) hung, hung(挂,吊) d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词 比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正) welcome, welcome(误) e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比:hit(打) hit, hit(正) hitted, hitted(误)及物动词英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与不及物动词。及物动词: 又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),并且可直接跟宾语。如see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy. 其实所谓“及物”,就是后面可直接加宾语的动词,有被动形式,而不及物动词是没有被动式的,也不可直接加宾语,需加上介词。及物动词后面可直接接宾语,不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语,一般要加介词后再接宾语。实际上很多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。我举一个例子,就说write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词,在后一个句子write是及物动词。又如,see是及物动词,但在特殊情况下如seeing is believing。不及物动词就是一个动作不能施加到另一个物体上,也就是后面不能加宾语。 例如:He is running. run这个动词就是不及物动词,后面不能加sth。(不能说跑什么东西) 分清及物不及物动词: 分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况: a主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:主谓宾;主谓双宾;主谓宾宾补结构。如: He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. 类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell. b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于:主谓结构。 This is the room where I once lived. 类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed. c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变。如begin 都是作开始讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve. d既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。 这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的消散。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是升高;举起。 He lifted his glass and drank. 类似的还有:beatvi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt.种植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅 ringvi.(电话、铃)响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话vt. 说(语言) hangvi. 悬挂 vt.绞死operate vi.动手术vt. 操作在英语错误中,“及物动词介词宾语”(transitive verb+preposition+object),是常见的一种。所谓及物动词,就是谓语动词(predicative verb),不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的,不及物动词(intransitive verb)是不带宾语的。有许多动词,虽然性质是及物的,但不一定要有宾语,如下列的a和a便是这种情形:a. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day. a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 如果本质上就是不及物动词,就不会有宾语;若要宾语,就要借介词之助,一起连用才行(不及物动词+宾语+介词),如b和b;a和a是错的; *a. The children are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. *a. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之,及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如上述的b和b ,又如和: John is giving a book to me. Who will answer this question? 如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如: * Who will answer to this question? 下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错: “We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “Awaiting”是个及物动词,后面的介词“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改为“waiting for”也行。 许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如: Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. In our education system, we stress upon examination results. World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 显然的,这三句里的介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的,不必要的。 下面是些类似的错误: The young must obey to their elders. Do not approach to that odd-looking man. The audience attacked on the rude speaker. Nothing can escape from his parents eyes. Do you hope to serve for your nation? When did Susan marry with Paul? 介词“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才对。 为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次,就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一,要把“及物动词宾语”和“不及物动词介词宾语”划分清楚,如: I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him. He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday. 第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如: Dont approach such a person. Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?一定义: A 有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用,后面必须跟宾语。False: They always want after lunch.Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch.False: He is sending now.Right: He is sending a letter now.B 有些动词只是不及物动词;它们可以单独用,如果后面想接宾语,动词后面必须加上介词。Right: He is looking around. False: He is looking me.Right: He is looking at me.Right: He is listening carefully.False: He is listening the teacher carefully.Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.C 有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。The customer is asking loudly.The customer is asking for you now. The customer is asking a question now.If you work hard, you will succeed.If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning).If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company (different meaning).二动词使用的建议:当使用动词时,一定要分清楚这个动词属于哪一类 动词分类,然后再根据不同的使用规则使用不同动词。 使役动词,比如 let make have就是3个比较重要的 have sb to do 没有这个用法的 只有have sb doing.听凭某人做某事 have sb do 让某人做某事 have sth done 让某事被完成(就是让别人做)另外:使役动词 1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 He made me laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。 使役动词有以下用法: a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 ?i had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 ?he had us laughing all through lunch. 注意:用于否定名时,表示“允许” i wont have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 * 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态,听任 e.g: I wont have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事,遭受到 e.g:you d better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: done这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow? notes: I was made to repeat the story. make sb/sth done/adj./n e.g. The news made him happy. He couldnt make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. His actions made him universally respected. He made her his wife. 3.get sb to do 使某人干某事 e.g: I cant get anyone to do the work properly. get sth done 让别人干某事 e.g: I must get my hair cut. Can you get the work finished in time? 4.leave sb to do sth 让某人干某事 e.g: We left him to paint the gate. Ill leave you to settle all the business. leave sb doing 让继续处于某种状态 e.g: Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. We left him painting the gate. leave sth done/adj./prep.phrase e.g:Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered. His illness has left him weak. I was left with a ray of hope.常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结 .固定用法(非谓语动词):以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配 希望做某事hope to do sth. 决定做某事decide to do sth 同意做某事agree to do sth. 需要某人做某事need to do sth. 使用某物做某事use sth to do sth 迫不及待做某事cant wait to do 准备做某事get/be ready to do 尽力/努力做某事try to do sth 计划做某事plan to do sth. 希望某人做某事wish sb. to do sth. 轮流做某事take ones turns to do sth. 拒绝做某事refuse to do sth. 告诉某人做某事tell sb. to do sth.请某人做某事ask sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事want /would like sb. to do sth. 不得不have to do 同意某人做某事agree sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事teach sb. to do sth. 喜欢/想要某人做某事 like sb. to do sth.encourage sb to do鼓励某人做 帮助某人做某事help sb. to do sth/help sb.do Its ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事 例:It your turn to clean the blackboard. Its time(for sb.) to do sth.是某人做某事时候了 例:Its time for me to go home. Its +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是 例: It is easy for me to learn it well. It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so. It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花了某时间 例句: 1.It takes me an hour to get to school by bike. 2.It took me an hour to watch TV last night. 3.It will take her two weeks to finish the work. too+adj./adv. to do sth. 太.而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word. find/think/feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为/感到做某事是 I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well. 序数词+to do 第.个做某事 例句:Who is the first to get there? 我不知/忘记了怎么办。I didnt know/forgot what to do. 离开房间时不要忘记/记住关灯 例句:Dont forget/Remember to turn off the lights when you left the room be+adj+to do sth 例句:I am very sorry to hear that. I am ready to help others. I am happy / pleased / glad to meet you. 顺口溜:本领最多不定式,主表定补宾和状;样样成分都能干,只有谓语它不敢;大家千万要小心,有时它把句型改;作主语时用it,自己在后把身藏;七个感官三使役,宾补要把to甩开;疑问词后接上它,宾语从句可充当;逻辑主语不定式,不定式前加for sb.;to前not是否定,各种用法区别开。 以下是不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形)的常见用法 let sb. do sth让某人做某事 make do sth使得某人做某事 hear do sth do sth听见某人做某事 see do sth do sth看见某人做某事 why not/why dont you +动原?为什么不.?Why not/Why dont you take a walk? 某人+had better( not)do 某人最好(不)做某事 情态动词can/may /must /should+ 动词原(包括情态动词的否定形式+动词原形) 助动词do/does/did/will/would在构成疑问句或者构成否定句即dont /doesnt /didnt /will not /would not+ 动词原形 be going to + 动词原形(表示“即将”“打算” 做某事) 使用-ing分词的几种情况 1.在进行时态中。He is watching TV. They were dancing at nine oclock last night. 2.在there be结构中。如:There is a boy swimming in the river. 3.在have fun/problems结构中。如:We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4.在介词后面。如:Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball? What /How about doing sth? 做某事怎么样? I am interested in playing football. 5.在以下结构中 1. enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事; 2. finish doing sth; 完成做某事; 3.feel like doing sth 想要做某事; 4. stop doing sth 停止做某事(原来的事) 5.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 6. go on doing sth 继续做某事(原来的事);7.remember doing sth 记得做过某事 8. like doing sth 喜欢做某事; 9.find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做 10. try doing sth 试图做某事; 11. need doing sth 需要做某事; 12. prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事; 13.mind doing sth 介意做某事; 14. miss doing sth 错过做某事; 15.practice doing sth 练习做某事; 16. be busy doing sth 忙于做某事;17.cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事; 18.waste time/money doing 浪费时间/钱做; 19.keep sb.doing 让始终/一直做 20. stop sb.(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 21. prefer doing A to doing B=like A better than B喜欢做B更喜欢做A 22. “do some +doing”短语 如:do some shoppin

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