专业英语16课翻译.doc

Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsConcepts n. 概念，观念；思想（conceptknsept复数形式）mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程 A combination of interrelated parts having definite motions and capable of performing useful workcombination ,kmbineinn. 结合；化合；联合；组合interrelated ,intrileitidadj. 相关的；互相联系的v. 使相互联系（interrelate的过去式）definite definitadj. 确切的；一定的motion munn. 动作；请求；手势；移动；意向i. 运动；打手势vt. 运动；向打手势capable keipbladj. 能干的，能胜任的；有才华的performing pf:miadj. 表演的；履行的v. 履行；表演（perform的ing形式）may be called machine. A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程component kmpunntadj. 组成的，构成的n. 成分；组件；组件consist knsistvi. 组成；在于；符合arranged adj. 安排的v. 安排；计划；准备（arrange reind的过去式和过去分词）so that the motion of one comples the motion of the others. Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms motion munn. 动作；请求；手势；移动；意向vi. 运动；打手势vt. 运动；向打手势complen. 完整模型，复合基Kinematicswithout reference to the forces that act on the mechanism. Dynamics is the study of motion of individualreference refrnsn. 参考，参照；涉及，提及；参考书目；介绍信；证明书vi. 引用vt. 引用forces n. 势力；兵力；武装力量（force f:s的复数形式）act ktvt. 扮演；装作，举动像vi. 行动；扮演，充当；起作用，见效；假装，演戏；表现，举止mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程dynamics dainmiksn. 动力学，力学individual ,individjul, -dladj. 个别的；个人的；独特的n. 个人，个体bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques. The study of forces and torques in influence influnsn. 影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt. 影响；改变forces n. 势力；兵力；武装力量（forcef:s的复数形式）torque t:kn. 转矩，扭矩；项圈，金属领圈stationary systems ( and systems with negligible inertial effects ) is called statics.stationary steinriadj. 静止的；固定的；定居的；常备军的n. 不动的人；驻军negligible nelidbl adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的inertialeffects n. 财物；效果（effect ifekt的复数形式）statics sttiksn. 化静力学 Synthesis is the procedure by which a product ( a mechanism , for example ) is developed to satisfy synthesis sinisisn. 综合，合成；综合体procedure prsi:dn. 步骤；程序，手续product prdkt, -ktn. 产品；结果；作品；乘积developed divelpid adj. 发达的（国家或地区）；成熟的satisfy stisfaivi. 令人满意；令人满足vt. 满足；使满意，使高兴；说服，使相信a set of performance requirements. If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined performance pf:mnsn. 性能；表演；执行；绩效requirements n. 调整需要量，必需品；要求（requirement rikwaimnt的复数）configuration kn,fijureinn. 配置；结构；外形tentative tenttivadj. 试验性的，暂定的；踌躇的n. 假设，试验specified adj. 规定的；详细说明的v. 指定；详细说明（specify spesfai, -si-的过去分词）examined adj. 验讫；检查过的v. 检查；调查（examineizmin的过去式）to determine whether the performance requirements are met , the process is called analysis.The design determine dit:minvt. 决定；使下定决心；判决vi. 决定；确定；判决，终止performance pf:mnsn. 性能；表演；执行；绩效requirements n. 调整需要量，必需品；要求（requirement rikwaimnt的复数）process pruses, pr-vt. 处理；加工n.过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的analysis nlsisn. 分析；分解；验定design dizainvt. 设计；计划；构思n. 设计；图案vi. 设计of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程involves v. 包含；牵涉（involve invlv的第三人称单数形式）synthesis sinisisn. 综合，合成；综合体analysis nlsisn. 分析；分解；验定 The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed. Detailed process pruses, pr-vt. 处理；加工n.过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的begin biinvt. 开始vi. 开始；首先recognition ,rekgninn. 承认，认出；赞誉；重视；识别；公认set setn. 集合；一套；布景；装置；趋势vt. 树立；点燃；放；点缀；使凝结vi. 凝固；结果；定型 requirements n. 调整需要量，必需品；要求（requirementrikwaimnt的复数）listed listidadj. 列出的；已登录的；表列的v. 列出；登记（list的过去分词）detailed di:teild, diteildadj. 详细的，精细的；复杂的，详尽的v. 详细说明（detail的过去分词）analyses of displacements, velocities , and accelerations are usually required. This part of the design displacement displeismntn. 取代，移位；排水量velocity vilstin. 速率；迅速；周转率acceleration k,selreinn. 加速，促进；加速度usually adv. 通常，经常required rikwaidadj. 必需的；（美）必修的v. 要求；需要（require的过去式及过去分词形式）process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. The design process may continue long after process pruses, pr-vt. 处理；加工n.过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的torque t:k Nn. 转矩，扭矩；项圈，金属领圈continue kntinju:vi. 仍旧，连续；继续，延续vt. 继续说；使继续；使延长the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, model mdln. 模型；模范；模特儿；典型；样式vt. 模仿；模拟；塑造vi.做模特儿；做模型adj. 模范的；作模型用的produced prudju:stv. 创作；产生；制造（produce的过去式和过去分词）adj. 引长的；畸形地伸长的include inklu:d vt. 包含，包括redesign ,ri:dizainvt. 重新设计n. 新设计；重新设计components n. 部件；组件；成份（componentkmpunnt复数）affect fekt, fektvt. 影响；假装；感动；感染vi. 倾向；喜欢n. 情感；引起感情的因素velocity vilstin. 速率；迅速；周转率accelerations, forces, and torques. In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufacturers acceleration k,selreinn. 加速，促进；加速度torque t:k n. 转矩，扭矩；项圈，金属领圈order :dn. 命令；顺序；定单；规则vt. 命令；定购；整理vi. 命令；定货successfully adv. 顺利地；成功地 (success skses fully fuli)compete kmpi:t vi. 竞争；比赛；对抗manufacturers n. 制造商；厂商 (manufacturer ,mnjufktr)must continuously modify their product and their methods of production. Increases in the production rate,continuously adv. 连续不断地 (continuous kntinjus)modify mdifaivt. 修改，修饰；更改vi. 修改product prdkt, -ktn. 产品；结果；作品；乘积methods n. 方法，方式；研究方法（methodmed的复数）production prudkn n. 成果；产品；生产；作品increase inkri:s, inkri:sn. 增加，增长；提高vi. 繁殖；增加，增大vt. 增加，加大rate reitn. 比率，率；速度；等级；价格vt. 估价；认为；责骂vi. 责骂；被评价upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required. Success upgrading v. 升级；提高品位（upgradepreid, preid的现在分词）n. 叠积作用，加积作用performance pf:mnsn. 性能；表演；执行；绩效redesign ,ri:dizainvt. 重新设计n. 新设计；重新设计weight weitn. 重量，重力；砝码；重要性；负担vt. 加重量于，使变重reduction ridkn n. 减少；下降；缩小frequently fri:kwntli adv. 时常，屡次；频繁地，经常地required rikwaidadj. 必需的；（美）必修的v. 要求；需要（require的过去式及过去分词形式）success sksesn. 成功，成就；胜利；大获成功的人或事物may hinge on the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis.hinge hindn. 铰链；枢纽；关键vt. 给安装铰链vi. 依而转移accuracy kjursi n. 精确度，准确性kinematicdynamic dainmikadj. 动力的；动力学的；动态的；有活力的n. 动力；动态 Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into machines designed centuries linkage likidn. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置configurations n. 立体基阵；配置（configuration kn,fijurein的复数）incorporated ink:preitidadj. 组成法人组织的；合并的v. 包含；合并；组成公司（incorporate的过去分词）designed dizaindadj. 有计划的，原意的；故意的v. 设计；计划（design的过去分词）century senturin. 世纪，百年；（板球）一百分ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years. Thus , definitions and terminology terms n. 条款；地位，关系；措辞；术语；价钱（term t:m的复数形式）v. 把称为（term的三单形式）describe diskraibvt. 描述，形容；描绘changed adj. 变化的；改变的v. 改变（change的过去式和过去分词）thus s adv. 因此；这样；从而；如此conj. 因此n. 乳香definitions n. 定义（definition ,difinin的复数形式）terminology ,t:minldin. 术语，术语学；用辞are not consistent throughout the technical literature. In most cases, however, meanings will be clearconsistent knsistntadj. 始终如一的，一致的；坚持的throughout ru:autadv. 自始至终，到处；全部prep. 贯穿，遍及technical teknikladj. 技术上的；工艺的，科技的；专门的literature litrtn. 文学；文艺；文献；著作cases n. 案例；箱；情况（casekeis的复数形式）v. 把装于容器中（case的第三人称单数形式）meanings n. 含义；价值（meaningmi:ni的复数）clear kliadj. 清楚的；清澈的；晴朗的；无罪的vt. 清除；跳过；使干净；通过vi. 变清澈；放晴adv. 清晰地；完全from the context of the descriptive matter. A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics context kntekstn. 环境；上下文；来龙去脉descriptive diskriptiv adj. 描写的，叙述的；描写性的matter mt n. 物质；事件；原因vi. 要紧；有关系particular ptikjuladj. 特别的；独有的；挑剔的；详细的n. 个别项目；详细说明interest intrist, intr-n. 兴趣，爱好；利息；趣味；同行vt. 使感兴趣；引起的关心；使参与kinematicsand dynamics of machines are defined below.dynamics dainmiksn. 动力学，力学defined difaindadj. 清晰的，轮廓分明的；有定义的，确定的v. 给.下定义；使明确；使.的轮廓分明below biluadv. 在下面，在较低处；在本页下面prep. 在下面 Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain. The rigid rididadj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的joined v. 加入；连接；参加（joindin的过去式，过去分词）chain teinn. 链；束缚；枷锁vt. 束缚；囚禁；用铁练锁住term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does simply simpliadv. 简单地；朴素地；简直；仅仅；坦白地idealization aidilaizein, -liz-n. 理想化；理想化的事物mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members. A perfectly rigid or inextensible link consider knsidvt. 认为；考虑；细想；考虑到vi. 认为；考虑；细想deflection difleknn. 偏向；偏差；挠曲strain streinn. 张力；拉紧；血缘；负担；扭伤vi. 拉紧；尽力vt. 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力perfectly p:fiktli adv. 完美地；完全地；无瑕疵地inextensiblecan exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member. For typical machine parts, the maximum exist izistvi. 存在；生存；生活；继续存在textbook tekstbukn. 教科书，课本model mdln. 模型；模范；模特儿；典型；样式vt. 模仿；模拟；塑造vi. 做模特儿；做模型typical tipikladj. 典型的；特有的；象征性的maximum mksimmn. 极大，最大限度；最大量adj. 最多的；最高的；最大极限的changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length. We are justified in dimension dimenn, dai-n. 维；尺寸；次元；容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的order :dn. 命令；顺序；定单；规则vt. 命令；定购；整理vi. 命令；定货thousand auzndn. 一千；一千个；许许多多adj. 成千的；无数的length le, lekn. 长度，长；时间的长短；（语）音长justified dstifaidadj. 有正当理由的；合乎情理的；事出有因的v. 证明正当；调整（justify的过去分词）neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms. neglect nilektvt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢motion munn. 动作；请求；手势；移动；意向vi. 运动；打手势vt. 运动；向打手势considering prep. 考虑到；就.而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到（consider knsid的ing形式）characteristic ,krktristikadj. 特有的；典型的；表示特性的n. 特征；特性；特色mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears , and other machine members in addition general denrladj. 一般的，普通的；综合的；大体的n. 将军，上将；一般；常规sense sensn. 感觉，官能；观念；理智；道理vt. 检测；感觉到include inklu:d vt. 包含，包括cams n. 凸轮（cam的复数）gears n. 齿轮，传动装置（gear i的复数形式）v. 以齿轮连起，安排（gear的三单形式）addition dinn. 添加；增加物；加法to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected components.crank krkn. 曲柄；奇想adj. 易怒的vt. 装曲柄connecting n. 管接头，套管；连接adj. 连接的v. 连接（connect knekt的ing形式）rods n. 棒条体；鱼竿（rod rd的复数）v. 装避雷针；用杆捅清（rod的单三形式）connected knektidadj. 连贯的；连接的；有联系的v. 连接（connect的过去式）components n. 部件；组件；成份（component kmpunnt复数） Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame. When there is no link that frame freimn. 框架；结构；画面vt. 设计；陷害；建造；使适合vi. 有成功希望adj. 有木架的；有构架的fixed fikst adj. 固执的；处境.的；准备好的；确定的stationary steinriadj. 静止的；固定的；定居的；常备军的n. 不动的人；驻军is actually fixed , we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative actually ktuliadv. 实际上；事实上fixed fikst adj. 固执的；处境.的；准备好的；确定的consider knsidvt. 认为；考虑；细想；考虑到vi. 认为；考虑；细想determine dit:minvt. 决定；使下定决心；判决vi. 决定；确定；判决，终止relative reltivadj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的n. 亲戚；关系词；相关物；亲缘植物to it . In an automotive engine, for example , the engine block (Fig.16.1) is considered the frame,even automotive ,:tumutivadj. 汽车的；自动的engine endinn. 引擎，发动机；机车，火车头；工具example iz:mpln. 例子；榜样vt. 作为的例子；为做出榜样vi. 举例block blkn. 块；街区；障碍物；大厦vt. 阻塞；阻止；限制adj. 成批的，大块的；交通堵塞的considered knsiddadj. 被尊重的；经过深思熟虑的frame freimn. 框架；结构；画面vt. 设计；陷害；建造；使适合vi. 有成功希望adj. 有木架的；有构架的though the automobile may be moving.though uadv. 可是，虽然；然而；不过conj. 虽然；尽管prep. 但automobile :tmubi:l, ,:tmbi:ln. 汽车 Degrees of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkage is the number of independent parameters Degrees n. 角度，学历；度数（degree diri:的复数）freedom fri:dm n. 自由，自主；直率linkage likidn. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置independent ,indipendntadj. 独立的；单独的；不受约束的；无党派的n. 独立自主者；无党派者parameters n. 参数；参量（parameterprmit的复数）required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link. If the instantaneous required rikwaidadj. 必需的；（美）必修的v. 要求；需要（require的过去式及过去分词形式）specify spesfai, -si-vt. 指定；列举；详细说明；把列入说明书position pzinn. 位置，方位；职位，工作；姿态；站位；vt. 安置；把放在适当位置relative reltivadj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的n. 亲戚；关系词；相关物；亲缘植物frame freimn. 框架；结构；画面vt. 设计；陷害；建造；使适合vi. 有成功希望adj. 有木架的；有构架的instantaneous ,instnteinjsadj. 即时的；瞬间的；猝发的configuration of a system may be completely defined by specifying one independent variable , that systemconfiguration kn,fijureinn. 配置；结构；外形completely kmpli:tli adv. 完全地，彻底地；完整地defined difaindadj. 清晰的，轮廓分明的；有定义的，确定的v. 给.下定义；使明确；使.的轮廓分明specifying n. 说明v. 指定；具体说明（specify spesfai, -si-的ing形式）independent ,indipendntadj. 独立的；单独的；不受约束的；无党派的n. 独立自主者；无党派者variable vribladj. 易变的，多变的；可变的；生变异的，畸变的；数变量的n. 可变物，可变因素；数变量 has one degree of freedom . Most practical mechanisms have one degree of freedom.degree diri:n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层freedom fri:dm n. 自由，自主；直率practical prktikl adj. 实际的；实用性的degree diri:n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层 An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom; translation in three coordinate directions Unconstrainedrigid rididadj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的degrees n. 角度，学历；度数（degree diri:的复数）freedom fri:dmn. 自由，自主；直率translation trnslein, trnz-, tr:n-n. 翻译；译文；转化；调任coordinate ku:dinit, ku:dineitn. 坐标；同等的人或物adj. 同等的；并列的vt. 调整；整合vi. 协调directions n. 指示；方向；用法说明书（direction direkn, dai-的复数形式）and rotation about three coordinate axes. If the body is restricted to motion in a plane, there are three rotation ruteinn. 旋转；循环，轮流coordinate ku:dinit, ku:dineitn. 坐标；同等的人或物adj. 同等的；并列的vt. 调整；整合vi. 协调axes ksi:z n. 轴线；轴心；坐标轴；斧头（axe的复数）restricted ristriktidadj. 受限制的；保密的v. 限制（restrict的过去式和过去分词）plane pleinn. 平面；飞机；程度，水平vi. 刨；翱翔；乘飞机旅行vt. 刨平；用刨子刨；掠过水面adj. 平的；平面的degrees of freedom: translation in two coordinate directions and rotation within the plane.Degrees n. 角度，学历；度数（degree diri:的复数）freedom fri:dmn. 自由，自主；直率coordinate ku:dinit, ku:dineitn. 坐标；同等的人或物adj. 同等的；并列的vt. 调整；整合vi. 协调directions n. 指示；方向；用法说明书（direction direkn, dai-的复数形式）rotation ruteinn. 旋转；循环，轮流 Lower and Higher Pairs Connections between rigid bodies consist of lower and higher pairs of elements. Lower vt. 放下，降下；减弱，减少；贬低vi. 降低；跌落；减弱adj. 下级的；下等的；下游的pairs pzn. 夫妇；一副（pair的复数）v. 使成对；为配搭档；合作（pair的第三人称单数）connections n. 连接；关系（connectionknekn的复数形式）；关系学rigid ridid adj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的consist knsist vi. 组成；在于；符合elements n. 基础；原理 (element elimnt)The two elements of a lower pair have theoretical surface contact with one another, while the two elements theoretical ,iretikl, ,i:-adj. 理论的；假设的；理论上的；推理的surface s:fisn. 表面；外观；表层adj. 表面的，肤浅的vi. 浮出水面vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面contact kntkt, kntktn. 接触，联系vt. 使接触vi. 联系，接触of a higher pair have theoretical point or line contact ( if we disregard deflections )theoretical ,iretikl, ,i:-adj. 理论的；假设的；理论上的；推理的 Kinematic Chain A kinematic chain is an assembly of links and pairs (joints). Each link in a closed-loop chain teinn. 链；束缚；枷锁vt. 束缚；囚禁；用铁练锁住assembly semblin. 装配；集会，集合pairs pzn. 夫妇；一副（pair的复数）v. 使成对；为配搭档；合作（pair的第三人称单数）joints n. 关节；连接，接头；运动付（joint dint的复数形式）each i:tadj. 每；各自的adv. 每个；各自pron. 每个；各自closed kluzdadj. 关着的；不公开的v. 关；结束；接近（close的过去分词）loop lu:pvi. 打环；翻筋斗n. 环；圈；弯曲部分；翻筋斗vt. 使成环；以环连结；使翻筋斗kinematic chain is connected to two or more other links. A linkage failing to meet the closed-loop criterion connected knektidadj. 连贯的；连接的；有联系的v. 连接（connect的过去式）linkage likidn. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置failing feilin. 缺点，过失；弱点；失败prep. 如果没有adj. 失败的v. 失败；不及格（fail的ing形式）criterion kraitirinn. （批评判断的）标准；准则；准据；规范is an open-loop kinematic chain. Linkage Since we may wish to examine kinematic chains without regard to their ultimate use, it islinkage likidn. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置 since sinsconj. 既然；因为；由于；自以来；自以后prep. 自以来；自以后adv. 后来examine izminvt. 调查；考试；检查；计算机 检测vi. 检查；调查regard ri:d, ri:-n. 注意；尊重；凝视；问候vt. 把看作；注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；与有关ultimate ltimtadj. 最终的；根本的；极限的n. 基本原则；终极；根本 convenient to identify any assemblage of rigid bodies connected by kinematic joints as a linkage. Thus,convenient knvi:njntadj. 方便的identify aidentifaivt. 识别；确定；使参与；把看成一样vi. 认同；一致；确定assemblage semblid n. 集合；集会；聚集；装配；集合物；聚集的物或人rigid rididadj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的connected knektidadj. 连贯的；连接的；有联系的v. 连接（connect的过去式）joints n. 关节；连接，接头；运动付（joint的复数形式）linkage likid n. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置 both mechanisms and machines may be considered linkages. In some references, however, the term linkage mechanism meknizmn. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程machines n. 机器；机械（machinemi:n的复数）v. 以机器制造（machine的第三人称单数形式）considered knsidd adj. 被尊重的；经过深思熟虑的references n. 参考文献；参照；推荐信（referencerefrns的复数）v. 附以供参考；把引作参考linkage likidn. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置is restricted to kinematic chains made up of lower pairs.restricted ristriktidadj. 受限制的；保密的v. 限制（restrict的过去式和过去分词）chains n. 枷锁；联营企业；缝条；链条（chaintein的复数）v. 用链条系住；束缚（chain的三单形式）lower vt. 放下，降下；减弱，减少；贬低vi. 降低；跌落；减弱adj. 下级的；下等的；下游的pairs pzn. 夫妇；一副（pair的复数）v. 使成对；为配搭档；合作（pair的第三人称单数） Planar Motion and Planar Linkages If all points in a linkage move in parallel planes, the system planar plein, -h:adj. 平坦的；平面的；二维的motion mun n. 动作；请求；手势；移动；意向vi. 运动；打手势vt. 运动；向打手势points pintsn. 点；见解；目的（point的复数）v. 指引；瞄准（point的第三人称单数）linkage likid n. 连接；联接；结合；联动装置parallel prleln. 平行线；对比vt. 使与平行adj. 平行的；类似的，相同的planes n. 位面；飞机（plane的复数形式）system sistmn. 系统；制度，体制