便条写作的特点和要求1.doc

College English WritingNote Writing (1)Teaching ObjectivesTEM-4便条写作要求及类型请求便条邀请、约会便条抱怨、投诉便条一、便条的特点及要求我们首先从便条的定义出发，来看看便条的写作要求。便条是完成预约、道歉、邀请、请求、致谢、投诉等功能的简短的书信形式。那么书信和便条有什么区别呢？我们来看范文 1 (一封书信) 和范文 2 (一则便条) 的比较。范文 1 HeadingInside address收信人地址Class 0306Foreign Language CollegeZhejiang Gongshang University(Hangzhou, 310012)September 15, 2004(Presidents OfficeJiaogong Road)Dear President Hu:/, Salutation We are sophomores majoring in English and are greatly honored to write to you. Having been living on the new campus for a whole year, we have happily witnessed the great changes here. But something still needs improving.What comes first is the dinning condition. The dishes here remain the same all the year around and we have been fed up with them. Also the prices of the dishes are a bit high and we find the prices have risen unreasonably this semester. Furthermore, the dinning hall is not big enough to hold 7000 students. It is so congested at the peak that you nearly turn over the dishes of others when you turn around. Worse more, if you come late, there will be no food left.Then comes the problem of our library. From my point of view, the new library is quite excellent as regards its scale and structure. However, what is disappointing are the sheer volume of books and the variety of magazines. Many of us complain that there are not enough books for us to choose from. Although the shelves of the library are spacious, it seems that there are not enough books to fill them up.We are all looking forward to the solutions to these problems.Complimentary closeSignatureOfficial capacitySincerely,NancyMonitor of Class 0306范文 2 Feb.11Richards,(Dear Prof. Richards,)Im sorry I couldnt make our 4 oclock appointment. Prof. Sternes lecture lasted a lot longer than I expected. I could meet you in the department office tomorrow at 3 p.m., if that is convenient for you. If not, please leave a note in my mailbox, # 529, tomorrow morning. Thank you.Sincerely yours,Zhang Hongyi1便条特点：构件“简单”书信由7个部分组成，它们分别是： 发信人信息（包括地址、邮编和写信时间）； 收信人地址（为了使阅信人证实是收信人；如果彼此熟悉，这部分可以省略）； 对收信人的称呼（后面的标点一般用逗号）； 正文； 结尾客套语（后一定有逗号）； 签名（后面一定不能有标点符号）； 职务名称（如果写信人不是以集体的名义写的则这部分不要）。而一个便条则相对简短，仅仅由时间、对方称呼、正文、结尾客套语和签名组成，当然如果便条是以集体的名义写的，则要添加职务名称。2便条特点：文体“适中” 思考：仔细阅读上面两个范文，试着分析他们可能的文体差异。下面我们已经把他们的相应部分摘出，请你分析。书信We are greatly honored to write to you.We areHaving been living on the new campus for a whole year, we have happily witnessed the great changes here.We are all looking forward to the solution to these problems.便条Im sorry Im, couldnt, If notThank you, many thanks, ?教师笔记：和书信相比，便条文体的“通俗”体现在，它更倾向于非正式化、甚至口语化的语言。(1) 书信中，除了和亲近的、熟悉的人交流，一般不用缩略形式，如Im, were, its, couldnt 等。(2) 书信中，除了和亲近的、熟悉的人交流，一般要用较为正式的、略微复杂的语言结构；而便条并不拘泥于此。例如，上面书信中使用了一个用非谓语动词的形式做时间状语的复杂结构 “Having been living on the new campus for a whole year, we have happily witnessed the great changes here.” 而便条中，显然If not的口语化倾向比较明显。同样，书信中的“We are all looking forward to the solution to these problems.” 较之 “Thank you, many thanks” 等要复杂得多，正式得多。(3) 书信中，除了和亲近的、熟悉的人交流，一般用词比较正式，如 “We are greatly honored to write to you”；“witnessed”等；而在便条中可以用比较随意的 “Im sorry, many thanks” 等等。温馨提示：上面的区别并不绝对，例如在双方地位悬殊或非常陌生的情况下，便条中用较为正式的文体也是合理的。 便条特点：内容“凝练”T Feb.11, 2012Richards/Dear Richard,(Dear Prof. Smith,)（）Im sorry（） I couldnt make our 4 oclock appointment. （）Prof. Sternes lecture lasted a lot longer than I expected. （）I could meet you in the department office tomorrow at 3, if that is convenient for you. （）If not, please leave a note in my mailbox, # 529, tomorrow morning. （）Thank you.SSincerely yours,Zhang Hongyi内容分析时间称呼（） 抱歉言语行为（） 抱歉内容（） 抱歉事由（） 弥补行为、失约再约（时间、地点）（） 约会商榷（） 致谢结尾客套语署名?教师笔记：这是正文总共不足65字的便条，但其表达的内容是非常完整的。失约、抱歉、再约三个言语行为凝缩在简单的四句话里，平均每个行为仅用16个词表达。4便条特点4: 规矩“细微”没有规矩，不成方圆 1：日期 英语中日期的写法有很多，例如10/1/93，但我们建议考生在TEM考试中不使用这种时间表示法，因为它对不同国家而言含义是不同的。在美语中它表示Oct. 1, 1993 即 1993年10月1号，而在英国和大部分欧洲国家则表示 Jan. 10, 1993 即1993年1月10日。 月份的写法除五月（May）外，均可以用它们的简写形式： Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Nov., 和 Dec. 当然，六月 June 和七月 July 可以简写成 Jun. 和 Jul., 但最好还是写其全称。当然，考试中为了避免搞混，我们写全称是万无一失的。 最一般的写法是：“月 日（基数词），年”如，“Sept. 23, 2003” 或“日（序数词） 月 年”如，“23rd Sept. 2003” 没有规矩，不成方圆2：称呼 对有一定社会距离，不熟悉的人：Dear Madame, Dear Sir, Dear President, Dear Mr. Smith 等 对相识的人称呼：Dear Shirley, Dear Smith等 对亲近的人或家人的称呼：Dear Mom, Dear Dad, Dear Mary等，甚至没有Dear也是可以的没有规矩，不成方圆3：结尾客套语 和正文隔开12行书写 位置偏右 后加逗号 礼貌尊重程度依社会距离而定：n 正式的、尊称：Faithfully yours, Respectfully yours, Sincerely yours, Truly yours, n 一般情况下可用：Yours,n 熟悉或亲近的人可直接以自己的姓名落款: Mary, Jane 没有规矩，不成方圆4：标点符号 称呼后面，一定要有标点，或逗号，或冒号 结尾客套语后面，一定要有标点，只能是逗号 署名后面，一定不能有标点 月份、星期缩写后面，可以是句号 日子后接年份时，日期后要使用逗号隔开没有规矩，不成方圆5：构件布局 (见本章范文2) 向右靠：时间、结尾客套语、署名 向左靠：称呼 中心段落：建议采用折中式段落，即：段首空四个字符、两端对齐 结尾客套语和署名，不能写在同一行没有规矩，不成方圆6：字数要求 50-60字 少于40或多于80都会适当扣分 二、请求便条1 请求便条指令关键词请求是日常生活中比较常见的一种交际行为，在TEM-4中体现这一行为要求的关键词有“request”、“ask”等。2 请求便条的构成要件$ 认真阅读下面的请求便条，并在右栏填空： March 13Dear Professor Liu, Im very happy to have had attended your lecture on “Linguistics and Language Teaching” last Saturday. Your lecture is quite instructive to my present thesis writing. Therefore, I hope I can get your further help. I am wondering if it is possible for you to give me a list of reference books on this topic to the following e-mail address: Z. Heartfelt thanks. Sincerely yours,Zhang Yue总结请求便条的写作要件：1. _2. _3. _4. _5. _6. _7. _ 8. _?教师笔记：请求便条的写作除了基本的时间、称呼、结尾客套语、签名等必须的构件外，在其正文处一般还要有下面第5第8条内容： 5 请求行为的前在序列，即请求理由陈述，如 “Im very happy to have had attended your lecture on Linguistics and Language Teaching last Saturday” 以及 “Your lecture is quite instructive to my present thesis writing”。6 请求行为（语言标记由下划线表示和请求内容由加底纹的部分表示），如 “I hope I can get your further help” 以及I wonder if it is possible for you to give me a list of reference books on this topic to。7 请求可能的实现方式，如 “to the following e-mail address: Z”。8 请求行为的后续行为，即致谢。因为请求行为对对象而言，都是一定的付出，不论请求行为能否实现都应表示感谢，这是很礼貌的，如 “Heartfelt thanks.” 或“Many thanks.”3 请求便条的语言表达请求言语行为可以进一步细化为：请求允许、请求帮助、请求做事。他们的语言表达方式是不同的请求允许请求帮助请求做事（要求与暗示）Please give me a few more days.Do me a favor, will you?Lets go to the bookstore this afternoon. I want to have a look at your book.May I have a look at your dictionary?Would you do me a favor? Can/Could you lend me your dictionary? I wish you couldWould you mind if I opened the window? Would you be so kind as to Could I trouble you to send this book for me? I would like to ask you to clean the room.I wonder if I could open the window.I wonder if you would tell me？The room is in a mess. We havent cleaned it for several days.You are making a big noise.Would it be possible to have a talk with you?If it is not too troublesome, could/would you?I hope this request will not trouble you too much.I feel a bit hungry now. What time is it?温馨提示：上面各行不同颜色表明了不同使用场合下的不同请求方式。随着颜色由浅入深，写作者和读者的社会距离越来越远，尊重的程度越来越深，于是请求方式越来越正式，语言表达越来越间接，语言结构越来越复杂。可见，请求的方式受到社会距离的影响，并在表达的间接性和句式上有所表现。1)请求言语行为与社会距离有关 (1) Come over for dinner tonight, will you? （朋友之间）(2) Would you like to have a cup of coffee? （朋友之间）(3) Excuse me, I know there is no excuse, but may I turn in my composition on Thursday?（学生与教授之间,学生非常礼貌地使用了表明原因的语句, 以示自己对老师的尊敬,并礼貌地希望老师能答应自己的请求。）(4) Please clean up the mess you made last night. (祈使句反映了两者间平等、随便的关系, 而 “Please” 的使用又不失说话者对对方的礼貌。)(5) Mom, can you buy that bike for me? (对父母不必太客气，但请求时应适当地讲礼貌。)2)疑问句在英语中是表示礼貌“请求”的手段之一，如，（1）Hey, John, do you have a pencil that I can borrow for the dictation? 请求言语行为还可以用其他形式表示 （祈使句和陈述句），但一般表示平等关系，如：（2）I would like to have another one, please.3)请求言语行为可以是直接言语行为也可以是间接的，如，上述疑问句基本上是直接的，下面的陈述句是间接的。（1）I feel a bit cold here. (适当的暗示)例如，同样的一个请求内容“要求对方给自己看一下讲义”针对不同的人有不同的表达，对朋友、同学 Let me have a look at your lecture handout, will you?对不熟悉的同学 May I have a look at your lecture handout?对自己尊敬的人 Would you mind if I have a look at your lecture handout?对自己尊敬的人 I wonder if I could have a look at your lecture handout?对特别尊敬的人 Would it be possible for me to have a look at your lecture handout?有文可鉴范文1Directions: 某大学著名教授上周来你校作讲座，你(因为)迟到了，误了一半讲座，也没有拿到讲座的讲稿。但是你这个讲座对你很有帮助。请你给这位教授写张便条索要一份上次讲座的讲稿。先千里之行始于笔下！先动笔写一写啦！September 25Dear Professor Hu,I am very happy to have the chance to listen to your lecture on “American Literature”. But it is a pity that I was late that day due to a minor accident on my way to the lecture, missed the first half of the lecture, and failed to get the handout. Your lecture is really instructive for my English study, so I am wondering if it is possible for me to get the handout. If it is possible, would you please email it to the address: , or call me atand I will go to fetch it. Heartfelt thanks.Respectfully yours,Zhang Yun?教师笔记：便条的各个构成部件齐全，布局合理，标点使用正确，文体处理妥当，因而是一个优秀的便条。便条的对象是某大学著名教授，和作者之间有学识方面的权势差异，为了表示尊敬，作者使用了比较正式的文体：日期用全拼而非缩略形式；有职衔称呼；文中不用缩略形式，“I am” 而非“Im”, “it is” 而非 “its”, “I will” 而非 “Ill”；使用了特别尊重和客气的请求，如 “I am wondering if it is possible for me to get the handout” 及 “If it is possible, would you please”；结尾客套语部分用 “Respectfully yours” 表示了特别的尊敬。范文2Directions: 明天有朋友来杭州，你想领他们到西湖玩，可是明天该你值班，写个便条给你的朋友王玲，请她代你值班。千里之行始于笔下！先动笔写一写啦！Oct. 23Dear Wang Ling,I am wondering whether its convenient for you to take the duty for me tomorrow. One of my best friends has come to Hangzhou on business. Hes so busy that he only has tomorrow afternoon to stay with me. I want to show him around the West Lake. But I happen to be on duty then. So it would be very kind of you to agree to take my turn. Many thanks. Yours,Zhang Yun?教师笔记：这个便条和范文1布局略有不同，一开始就直截了当客气地提出请求（I am wondering whether it is convenient for you）及其内容（to take the duty for me），然后再追补请求的原因（One of my best friends has come to），在接近结尾处再重申请求内容（to take my turn）和谢意（it would be very kind of you）。虽说布局不甚相同，但写作要件齐全，文体处理也比较合理。便条的对象是自己的朋友，所以用比较随便的口吻，显得亲近。如日期和系动词的缩略形式，短小词汇的使用，结尾客套语部分的简约都透露着一种亲近。 三、邀请、约会便条1邀约便条指令关键词邀约是日常生活中比较常见的一种交际行为，在TEM-4中体现这一行为要求的关键词有 “invite” 等。2 邀约便条的构成要件$ 认真阅读下面的便条，并在右栏填空：Feb. 11Dear Professor Ma,We would be very grateful if you could give us a talk on “The Skills for TEM-4 Writing” on this coming Friday, 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. If this subject does not suit you or that time is not convenient for you, any other similar topic and other time would also be welcome. If you have any decision，call me at the cell phone number: Thank you. Respectfully yours, Mei Ying Chairman of Students Union总结邀约便条的写作要件：1. _2. _3. _4. _5. _6. _7. _ 8. _?教师笔记：邀约便条的写作除了基本的时间、称呼、结尾客套语、签名等必须的构件外，在其正文处一般还要有下面第5第8条内容：5 邀约行为的前在序列，即所约事由，如 “a talk on The Skills for TEM-4 Writing” 。6 邀约行为，如 “We would be very grateful if you could .”。7 约会可能的方式（时间、地点）及其磋商，如 “on this coming Friday, 3 p.m. to 5 p.m.” 和 “If this subject does not suit you or that time is not convenient for you, any other similar topic and other time would also be welcome”。8请求行为的后续行为，即致谢，如，“Many thanks”。3邀约便条的语言表达邀约言语行为根据约会对象的不同以及所约事情可能使对方付出的努力程度，可以有不同的语言表达形式。邀约言语行为的语言特点熟悉、亲近 Lets go to the movie. 稍有距离、礼貌 Shall we meet at the office to talk about the thesis topic?尊重、礼貌 Is it possible for us to meet at the office to discuss the new teaching plan? 特别尊重、礼貌 If it doesnt trouble you much, shall we meet at the Zhongshan bus station at 7 this evening? We are going to have a dance to celebrate the new year on December 31, at 7 p.m. and would love to have you join us. 温馨提示：上面各行不同颜色表明了不同使用场合下的不同邀约表达方式。随着颜色由浅入深，写作者和读者的社会距离越来越远，尊重的程度越来越深，于是邀约方式越来越正式，语言表达越来越间接，语言结构越来越复杂。可见，邀约的方式受到社会距离、对方为所约事情所要付出的努力程度的影响。1)邀约言语行为与社会距离有关，如：ALets go to the coffee bar near the school gate to have a chat. 同学之间比较随便的邀约。BShall we meet at the office tomorrow afternoon to talk about the teaching material?同事之间，比较有礼貌的邀约。CPresident Zhang, if you have no other appointment tomorrow afternoon, shall we have a talk over the students dinning condition? Time and place are up to you. 老师（或学生干部）预约校长，他们之间有悬殊的权势关系和社会距离，因此附带的客气成分比较多。2)邀约言语行为与对方为所约事情所要付出的努力程度有关，如：AHey, John, lets have a dinner together. 对方付出的努力程度不大，语气比较随便。BProfessor Li, I want you to give me some suggestion on my project. If it doesnt trouble you too much, shall we meet at your office this Friday morning at 9 oclock?显然，“提出建议”要付出脑力上的努力，和“吃饭”相比，践约的难度要大一些。因此，表达时要表现出特别的尊重和客气。有文可鉴范文3Directions: 你正在写论文，遇到了很多专业难题，你去请教指导教师Smith教授，但他不在办公室，写张便条和他预约一下。千里之行始于笔下！先动笔写一写啦！July 15Dear Professor Smith,These days I am very gloomy because I met many troubles in my thesis writing. I do not know how to define some key words of my study. So I am wondering whether you can give me some instruction. If it does not trouble you too much, shall we meet at your office this Friday morning at 9 oclock? If it is not convenient for you, could you please appoint a time and give me a call at 12345678? Thank you. Sincerely yours,Wang Ling?教师笔记：这个便条提出约会的事由 “I met many troubles in my thesis writing” 及 “give me some instruction”，然后实施了约会的言语行为 “shall we meet”，提出了约会的时间和地点。便条符合一般的约会程式，在约会时间不恰当时，把决定权留给了对方。便条文体处理也比较合理。便条的对象是自己的导师，可以说在学术等方面两者有一定的距离，因此作者使用了比较正式的尊敬体，特别在提出约会时，使用了 “If it doesnt trouble you too much” 这样的客气表达。范文4Directions: 本周六晚上，你们班要组织周末舞会，为了促进你们和0403班的友谊，为方便大家有交流的机会，以班长的名义写个邀请便条。千里之行始于笔下！先动笔写一写啦！Dec. 23, 2004Dear girls and boys in Class 0403,This Saturday evening, from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m., at Qingfeng dinning hall, there will be a ball held by Class 0301. We warmly invite you to take part in it. There you can enjoy yourselves with dance, music and various games. And well have a chance of communication, which will enhance the friendship between us. Come and enjoy ourselves together.Yours,Zhang BingMonitor of Class 0301?教师笔记：便条是0301班向0403班发出的非正式邀请函，同学之间更适宜用比较随便却显得亲近的文体。段落一开始比较灵活地先交代了时间、地点才介绍出邀请的事项。便条还交代了舞会可能的节目，以吸引同学参加。便条结尾用祈使句“Come and enjoy ourselves together”再一次发出了邀请，显得亲切自然。 四、抱怨、投诉便条1 抱怨、投诉便条指令关键词抱怨、投诉是日常生活中比较常见的一种交际行为，在TEM-4中体现这一行为要求的关键词有 “complain”、“dissatisfaction” 等。2 抱怨、投诉便条的构成要件$ 认真阅读下面的请求便条，并在右栏填空： Mar. 15Dear sir or Madam,Im writing to bring your attention to a problem Ive had with information availability with your product. I have been trying to get a person on the phone, but I failed by trying several departments. I hope you will address this problem to my satisfaction, or I will never do business with you again. I expect to hear from you soon. My telephone number is Thank you.John Smith 总结抱怨、投诉便条的写作要件：1. _2. _3. _4. _5. _6. _7. _ 8. _?教师笔记：抱怨、投诉便条的写作除了基本的时间、称呼、结尾客套语、签名等必须的构件外，在其正文处一般还要有下面第5第8条内容：5. 抱怨、投诉行为（语言标记由下划线表示；抱怨、投诉内容由加底纹的部分表示）如 “Im writing to bring your attention to a problem Ive had with information availability with your product”。6. 抱怨、投诉内容的具体描述，如 “ trying to get a person on the phone, but failed by trying the operator”。7. 要求弥补、纠正、赔偿，如 “I hope you will address this problem to my satisfaction”。8 抱怨、投诉者对弥补、纠正、赔偿等的敦促或威胁，如 “I will never do business with you again”。（如果是礼貌的抱怨，则本部分不一定要有）3抱怨、投诉便条的语言表达抱怨、投诉便条主要组成部分常用语言表达抱怨行为Im writing to report the problems with yourIm writing to bring your attention to the problems I have had with yourIm writing to complain about(我想投诉)Im sorry. I cant bear the noise any more. 具体描述引出Heres the problem Ive had: 要求弥补、纠正、赔偿I hope you can address this problem soon. I hope you will take steps to rectify this situation soon.Would you please turn it down a little?It would be very kind (considerate) of you to 对弥补、纠正、赔偿等的敦促或威胁Frankly, I am not willing to put up with the situation any more. You must rectify the situation, or I will take it to the court. If you cant give me a satisfa