语法讲义三老师.docVIP

讲义三根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，一般情况下，一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。1. 主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) 除了名词和代词，还有不定式，动名词，从句可作主语。To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实).Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)What has caught our attention is that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.（值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化）动词不定式或动名词或主语从句做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词，主语从句移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.（值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化） 2. 谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。如：He traveled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) 谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息.I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)3. 表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、介词短语,副词或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如：如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。 His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。The people on the bus are singing.公共汽车上的人正在唱歌。The boy in front of the desk is Bill.书桌前的那个男孩是比尔。Whats on this evening?(副词)今晚上演什么节目 His uncle had been away from home for nearly ten years,(他叔叔离家将近十年了) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem)之后 表语也可以由从句充当 What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students creativity.(表语从句)。我们所担心的事考试到何种程度会破坏学生的创造力。4. 宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。如：He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本。She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。 除了名词、代词可以作宾语，不定式、动名词、名词性从句也可以做宾语。 He could not afford to pay so much money.(他付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) They enjoy watching football games (他们如此喜爱看足球）动名词作宾语 I think that to be a childrens doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)Some people argue that investing money on highways is imperative for the holistic benefits of our country.(从句作宾语)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构： 动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如： Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.5. 宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词（不定式，动名词，分词）、形容词，副词，介词短语等充当。如：He told us to stay. 他叫我们留下。Ive never seen her dancing. 我从未看见过她跳舞。 I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。) The discovery has made possible new techniques for brain surgeryDozens of people plunged into dead-end streets and found themselves trapped by crashing buildings He had something hanging heavy on his mind（现在分词） I consider education of great importance.我认为教育很重要（介词短语）They must keep these machines in good condition. 他们必须维护好这些机器。Let him out.让他出去We saw them off just come back from abroad.他刚从国外回来。 6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、副词，名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词（不定式，动名词，分词）及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。如：Its an interesting story. 那是一个有趣的故事。（现在分词）Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗? （不定式）Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?（现在分词）A outdated theory（过去分词）He is reading an article about how to learn english.(介词短语)A noise outside made him turn around.(副词）外面的噪音使他转过身来。The teaching plan for for the next term has been worked out.(动名词)定语还可以用从句充当,Those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broad view of life.(定从)。7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词（不定式，分词），或句子充当。如：We like English very much. 我们非常喜欢英语。Her uncle lives in Canada. 她叔叔住在加拿大。She was lying in bed reading. 她躺在床上看书。Not knowing what to do,he decided,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。英语中的五种基本句型结构三大句子类型：简单句，并列句，复杂句。简单句的定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。The learns German.他学德语。Both tom and jack enjoy country music.一个并列主语和一个谓语。We sang and danced yesterday evening.一个主语和一个并列谓语。My brother and i go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.我和哥哥早上7:30去上学，晚上7:00回家吗（一个并列主语和一个并列谓语）简单句的五大基本句型1、 句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.The wonderful sensory experience of a soccer match begins before the game starts. Crimes fall significantly。二、句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。Live events seem to invite the active participation of the viewing audience,while television is a medium that encourage passivity on the part of the viewer.Gang membership is primarily a juvenile problem.三、句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas-legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another他们保存历史的唯一方法是将历史当做传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。The serious investor needs a proper portfolio-a well -planned selection of investment,with a definite structure and a clear aim.四、句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.Community service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.(名词)These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migration of people who lived long ago,but none could write down what they did.五、句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常