专四让步状语从句.doc

从属分句状语从句 包括时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、比较从句。让步状语从句 连接词：though、although、as ; even if、even though ; whether.or.; no matter+疑问词，疑问词+ever.（1） though, although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例句 Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. （2） even if, even though 表示“即使”，“纵使”之意。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实例句 Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。（3） as, though表示“虽然但是”，“纵使”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或冠词动词原形，且表语中的冠词要省略，though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。 Fool as jerry is, he could not have done such a thing. （4） whether.or.表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”之意 （5）“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“都；不管都”，当引导让步状语从句时，两者相同，可以互换，但当引导名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同谓语从句）时则只能用whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc）。 例句 No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。 Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。 下面句字不能用no matter结构: Whoever comes back firs is supposed to win the prize.(主语从句) I am ready to do whatever you want me to .（宾语从句）（6）有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。这时while表达并列的转折，即主语与从句的动作是在同一时候发生的。例如：While I like the colour, I dont like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。条件状语从句引导词 if、unless、provided/providing(that)、so/as long as、on condition that、suppose/supposing(that)、in the event that、whether or not。时间状语从句（1） when与while when 表示“当.的时候”，表时间点或时间段的动作。While 表示“当.的同时”，表持续的动作或状态，不表短暂。 While tom was reading , jack was writing. When he finished his speech , the audience burst into applause.(2) hardly/scarcely.when和no soonerthanhardly/scarcely 和 no sooner 后面用完成时，而when和than 后用过去时（3）the minute/moment/day , the first/second/last time , each/every/next time可引导时间性状语从句（4）since表示 “自从”, 从句要用非延续性动词，主句要用完成时态。 Since he lived in Beijing , I have not heard from him. Till/until “直到”，肯定句时，主句用延续性动词，否定句时，主句可使用非延续性动词。 I will wait here until the concert is over. She cant leave until Friday结果状语从句（1） so/suchthatso+ 形容词，副词 / such+ 名词.that 表示 如此.以致.，so+形容词+ a/an +名词 在“much/many/few/little+名词”结构前，只能用so。例句 So many people complained about the heavy traffice that the city government took measure at least. （2） with the result that 原因状语从句连接词有since , as , because , in that , on the ground that.地点状语从句连接词有 where , wherever , anywhere 方式状语从句有as 引导的例句 she did her work as her manager had instructed.此外，还有just as和 much as例句 they try to conceal this fact much as I did last year. 关系从句（定语从句）关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别A） 非限定需要用逗号隔开，限定是句子不可或缺的成分B） 非限定从句中，引导词一般不用thatWhich和thatA） 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省略例句 It is the only thing （that）we can do for you.B) 先行词是不定代词时 all much few little some any none anything something nothing everything 只能用that引导 C）先行词是 anyone anybody everyone everybody someone somebody 时，关系代词多用who或whom，不用thatD）先行词被形容词是最高级 及 first last only every no等修饰，关系代词用that，不用which /who/whomE）两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物是，关系代词用that 例如 A victim is a person ,animal and thing that suffers pain, death, harm, ect.As1)as 与 such， the same， as（so）， 连用，引导限定性定语从句Such people as wish to leave may do so now.2）as 引导从句可放主句前，中，后：而which引导的只能放在后 例句 more American troops are being sent to middle east , which(as)I have learnt from the newspaper. The telephone ,as we all know, was the innovation of bellAs 后如果是被动语态，be可省略；which后则不可以例句 football and baseball, as played in the united states today, are basically modifications of games that originated in EnglishWhereWhere引导的定语从句相当于in/at+which例句 the company has introduced a policy where pay rises are related to performance at work.Whose Whose与名词搭配使用，引导定语从句是在句子坐主语或者宾语，whose 既可以指人也可以指物(指物时可以用of which 互换)例句 The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.结构“介词+whom”或“which+不定式短语”She is a pleasant girl with whom to work = she is a pleasant girl to work with.名词性从同位语从句1)能接同位语从句的名词answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, idea, impression, information, knowledge, problem, promise, statement, suggestion, thought, probability, etc. 同位语多由that引导，疑问代词who whichWhat和疑问副词when where why how也可以引导2）在结构on the assumption, on the condition that, despite the fac