如何提高学生的英语语法.doc

如何提高学生的英语语法【关键词】 定语从句 关系词 先行词 谓语动词 状语 主语 宾语 定语定语从句是英语中的最重要语法项目之一，是必须掌握的英语技能，也是学生学习的重点和难点定语从句常见错误如下：一、不能透彻地理解关系词的三种功能，混用关系词。定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起”定语”的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主句全部内容；通常在被修饰的词语（即先行词）之后，由”关系代词或关系副词（统称关系词）”引导。在学习使用定语从句的过程中，要特别注意关系词的”三重性”功能，即它既起引导词的作用，同时还指代或替代”先行词”，并且又在定语从句中充当某个句子成分。关系代词：that指人和物，做主语和宾语；which指物，做主语和宾语；who指人，做主语和宾语；whom指人，做宾语；whose指人和物，做定语。关系副词：when, where, why等，分别做时间、地点、原因状语。在定语从句中用什么引导词，要看先行词指代的是什么，还必须弄清楚该引导词在从句中所充当的成分。二、定语从句中重复出现与先行词有关的代词或副词。关系词既起引导词的作用，同时还指代先行词，因而要避免在定语从句中重复出现与先行词有关的代词或副词。例如：误：the sales manager you want to see him is on another line.正：the sales manager（whom/that）you want to see is on another line.析: 应删去him。因为定语从句的宾语是省略的关系代词whom或that，既是引导词也指代先行词manager, 所以应该去掉代词him。误：last week i visited the factory where i worked there ten years before.析：关系副词where在从句中作了状语，不再重复使用there，删去。误：i will never forget the days when we worked together on the farm in those days.析：应删去in those days。因为定语从句的时间状语是关系副词when，所以应该去掉重复的状语in those days。三、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。当先行词在定语从句中做主语时，应注意谓语动词的人称、数要与先行词保持一致。例如：误：the girl has put all the pictures in a box, which looks pretty.析：looks应改为look。先行词pictures是复数，which在句中做主语，故从句的谓语动词用复数形式。误：those who has finished homework can go home. 应将has 改为have, 因为who指those, 是复数。误：tom is one of the students who likes swimming. 误：tom is the only one of the students who like swimming. 正：tom is one of the students who like swimming. 正：tom is the only one of the students who likes swimming. 析：在” one of 复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词要用复数形式；在” the（only）one of 复数名词+定语从句”结构中，先行词是 one ，故谓语动词要用单数形式。四、误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词关系词在定语从句中充当宾语（作介词宾语且前置时除外），一般可以省略，做主语等其他成分一般不省略。误：children eat a lot of sugar often have had teeth.正：children who/ that eat a lot of sugar often have had teeth.析：应加关系代词who或that, 因为从句缺少主语，且主语不能省略。误：the key opens the bike is missing.正: the key that / which opens the bike is missing.析：应加上关系代词that或which, 因为定语从句中主语不能省略。五、认不清分隔现象定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有些时候是因为特殊需要，把先行词与定语从句分离，增加难度，以此来考察学生对基础知识和语法结构的辨析能力。常见的分隔情况如下：误：miss yang was the only girl in the office which had been invited to the party. 析：应把关系代词which改成who,因为先行词girl和定语从句被状语in the office隔开了。六、与强调句型及其他句型的混合在实际运用中，要分清到底是定语从句，还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型，然后再来确定关联词。例如 mr wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf. mr wu has two sons, both of whom are fond of playing golf. 析：例1中 and连接的是并列句，不能用whom代替them。例2去掉and，就必须用whom代替them构成定语从句。 it was last night that the terrible fire broke out. 析：这里是”it was+被强调部分+that. “构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。youd better make a mark at where you have any questions.析：此句应去掉at , 因为该句为where 引导的地点状语从句。七、忽略as引导的定语从句在中学英语中，as引导的定语从句必须掌握以下两个要点： 1. 用在the same. as和such. as结构中，as做主语或宾语。 例 i have the same mobile phone as you (have). (as做宾语) 例 he is such a kind man as often helps others.(as做主语) 同时，要区分such. as与such. that.的用法，在后者的结构中，that引导状语从句，且在从句中不做成分。八、”介词+宾格关系代词”结构中介词的误用与遗漏当从句中使用的是不及物动词，且关系代词在句子中做宾语时，不及物动词后必须使用介词。介词可以置于关系代词之前，构成”介词+whom（指人），介词+ which（指物）” 结构，也可以用关系副词代替介词+关系代词。但是一些习惯性搭配或短语（如look for/ take care of/ look after等）中的介词不能与动词分开，属于固定搭配结构，故不能放在关系代词之前。例如：正：yesterday i went to the school which my father once worked in.正：yesterday i went to the school where my father once worked.正：yesterday i went to the school in which my father once worked.上述句子中in +which=where ,即定语从句中介词提前想象。但是 误：the baby after whom she is looking is very well.正：the baby（whom/who/that） she is looking after is very well.析：定语从句中谓语动词是固定的短语动词look after，介词after不能与动词look分开，因此介词for 不能提到关系代词前面。九、丢掉定语从句的先行词定语从句必须有先行词，否则就不是定语从句。误：is this farm we visited last week?正：is this farm the one we visited last week?或is this the farm we visited last week?析：该句中定语从句就缺少先行词，将句子还原为陈述句：this farm is _we visited last week.显然应加上