单独的英语音素.doc

单独的英语音素.前元音(: ( e ( 的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.后元音(: (: (: (的发音要领;发音口腔部位的异同.中元音( (: ( 的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.合口双元音( ( ( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.集中双元音( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.爆破音( ( ( ( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.摩擦音( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.破擦音( ( ( ( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.鼻辅音( ( (的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.清晰舌侧音(和含糊舌侧音(的发音要领,发音口腔部位的异同.半元音(的发音要领.半元音( 的发音要领.辅音连缀.不完全爆破.:连贯言语中的语音.音的强读和弱读.意群和停顿.连读.单词重音.句子重音.节奏.:语调.语调的基本概念.降调的基本用法.升调的基本用法.降升调的基本含意四,本课程内容梳理以应用领域,应用方法讲解单独的英语音素内容梳理:前元音(: ( e ( 发音共同特征:舌尖均抵下齿;前舌不同程度地向硬腭抬起;唇形依次开扁. 元音字母e及字母组合ee, ea, ie, ei 可以读作:. 元音字母i及字母组合ui, 和半元音字母y可以读作. 元音字母e及字母组合ea可以读作e. 元音字母a可以读作.后元音(: (: (: ( 发音共同特征:舌端均不抵下齿; 舌后部不同程度地向软腭抬起; 这五个音除 :之外,都 是圆唇元音. 元音字母a及字母组合ar, al, au 可以读作:.中元音( ( (: 发(时后舌的前部稍高,双唇向两边伸张,稍扁.牙床半开,喉头肌肉较紧张,普通话中没有和(相似的音.学这个音时可以先发a:, 然后将牙床缩小到三分之二,双唇稍扁. 发(时,舌平放口中,舌中部略隆起.双唇中常,牙床半开,喉头肌肉松驰,发(时,唇舌牙床都很自然, 只要一张口就能发出(音. 发(:时,舌中部略略隆起,比发(:时较高,双唇中常稍扁,牙床近乎半合,喉头肌肉较紧张. 合口双元音( ( ( ( ( ei是从e 滑动到i的合口双元音.双唇稍扁,牙床从半开到合,喉头肌肉不紧张, 是长音. (是从(到u的合口双元音.双唇从中常到圆,牙床从半开到合,喉头肌肉松弛, 是长音. ai是从(到i的合口双元音.发时舌端抵下齿,前舌较低.双唇中常,牙床从全开到合,喉头肌肉稍紧, 是长音. au是从a到u的合口双元音.双唇从中常到圆,牙床从全开到合,喉头肌肉稍紧张, 是长音. (是从(滑动到i的合口双元音.双唇从圆到扁,牙床从开到合,喉头肌肉不紧张, 是长音. 集中双元音( ( ( (是从i到(的双元音.集中到中元音( ,又叫集中双元音.双唇中常,牙床从全合到半开,喉头肌肉松弛, 是长音. (是从(到(的集中双元音.发(时舌端抵下齿,前舌稍高. (是介乎e和(之间的前元音,和(更相近.双唇中常,牙床从开三分之 二到半开,喉头肌肉不紧张, 是长音. 这是从u滑动到的集中双元音.字母组合oor, our等在单词中可以读作, ure可以读作或.爆破音( ( ( ( ( ( 发p时,双唇紧闭.p是双唇音.气流从口腔冲出,送气有力.清音,发音时不震动声带. (和p相同.但在词尾发得很轻,不如p送气有力.浊音,发音时震动声带. (发音时,舌瑞抵齿槽.t是齿槽音.气流从口腔冲出,送气有力.清音,发音时不震动声带.t和汉语拼音中的t,即普通话中的 特相似, 两者都是清音. 但英语的t比汉语拼音的t清脆有力,发音时舌端抵齿槽而不放在上门齿. (和t相同.但在词尾发得很轻, 不如t送气有力.浊音,发音时震动声带.不要将词尾的d发得太重, 以致听上去象普通话中的 德 .英语的d在词尾几乎听不见. 发k时,后舌隆重起. k是后舌音.气流从喉咙用力冲出来,送气有力.清音,发音时不震动声带. g的发音方法和k相同.但g在词尾发得很轻, 不如k送气有力.浊音,发音时震动声带.不要将词尾的g发得太重, 以致听上去象普通话中的 哥.英语的g在词尾几乎听不见. 摩擦音( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 发f时, 将上 齿放在下唇上.气流从上齿与下唇间的隙缝通过齿唇发生摩擦而成.清音. 是浊音,连续不断发f ,将声带震动,就会发出v.普通话中没有和v相似的音, 所以发时往往将上齿轻轻碰下唇, 不发生磨擦.应将上齿固定地放在下唇上, 然后发出磨擦音. 发时舌端接触上齿.气流通过舌端和上齿间的隙缝,发生摩擦而发音.清音.发时, 不要将舌端堵塞它和上齿间的隙缝, 以致气流被堵塞住而发不出磨擦音来 .另一方面也不要只是将舌端轻轻接触一下上齿而不发生磨擦. 是浊音,连续不断发 ,将声带震动,就会发出. 发s时,舌端接近齿槽.s是齿槽音.气流从舌端和齿槽间形成的隙缝中通过,发生摩擦而成s音. z是浊音,连续不断发s ,将声带震动,就会发出z.发z时,要注意不使舌堵塞它与齿槽间的隙缝,以致发不出磨擦音z来,或将z误发成dz. 发时, 舌端接近齿槽, 舌身抬向硬颚, 气流从舌和硬颚及齿槽间的隙缝中通过, 发出摩擦音.清音. 是浊音,连续不断发 ,将声带震动,就会发出. h是声门音.气流从两条声带间的隙缝(声门)间通过,磨擦声门而成.清音.发h时,不要在喉头或口腔的任何部分发生磨擦.发h时很象喘一口气,不要发成普通话的喝. 发r时, 舌端抬向齿槽后部.舌向后面的硬颚弯曲.发生磨擦而生r音.浊音.破擦音( ( ( ( ( ( 是t和的结合.的发音部位和完全一样.发时,舌端先顶在齿槽后部,不留隙缝,然后渐渐放开,使成隙缝,气流缓缓从中冲出.发时有的磨擦,又有t的爆破,是破擦音.清音. 的发音位置和发音方法都和相同.浊音. tr,dr发音时,舌尖抵上齿龈后部,形成完全阻碍,双唇稍向前突出,气流冲开这个阻碍发出短促的t, d爆破音后,随即发r音,气流从舌尖齿龈后部间的缝隙泄出,两者破擦成一音.tr是清辅音, dr是浊辅音. ts,dz发音时,舌端抵上齿龈(发t,d的姿势),形成完全阻碍,气流冲破这个阻碍发出轻微的t,d爆破音后,立即发s,z音,气流从舌端齿龈的缝隙泄出,两者浑然一体,破擦成音.ts是清辅音,dz是浊辅音.词尾的ts,ds常读作ts和dz.鼻辅音( ( ( m是双唇音,发音位置和p,b相同.气流从鼻腔通过. 浊音,发音时震动声带.m在辅音中属于响音,发音比较响亮.应注意发m时双唇始终是紧闭的,尤其在词尾,不要读成普通话的 莫. 发n时,舌端抵上齿槽,和发t,d相同.n是齿槽音.气流从鼻腔中通过. 浊音.发n时必须将舌端抵齿槽,尤其是词尾的n, 不要将唇闭起来以致成了m. 发时的舌位和k, g相同.气流从鼻腔中出来.浊音,发音时震动声带.舌侧音( 发l时, 舌端抵齿槽, 和发t, d, n相同.气流从舌的两旁空隙处流过.浊音.l和汉语拼音中的l相似.我国有一些方言中 n和 l不分,这需要花一些工夫来练习.初学l时可以试将鼻子捏住,不让气流从鼻腔出来,这样可以避免将l发成鼻音n.l在词尾时的发音舌位和在词首时有些不同.发词尾的l时,舌端仍抵齿槽,但后舌隆起,舌的中部凹下.半元音( ( 发音时,后舌抬得很高,双唇收圆,并稍突出.w的发音部位和元音u:相似.气流不受发音器官的阻碍,象元音一样.但气流通过唇角时有一些摩擦,所以又是摩擦音.浊音.发w时,上齿不要碰到下唇,发出类似v的音素.w具有半元音的特点,即发音部位和元音相似,但没有长度,只能向元音过渡,起辅音的作用. 发j时,前舌抬高,和元音i的发音部位相似,还要将舌身抬向硬颚.气流通过时,舌面和硬颚稍有摩擦发出, 所以j也是摩擦音.浊音. 辅音连缀 两个或两个以上的辅音相邻称作辅音连缀. 注意辅音连缀中间不能有停顿,也不能加元音E. 辅音连缀出现在词首,词中和词尾,也出现在短语中间.不完全爆破爆破音和爆破音或其他辅音相邻,第一个爆破音之形成阻碍,但不发生爆破,称作不完全爆破.不完全爆破适应于语音学习中的重点,也是一个难点;掌握不好不完全爆破,就不可能讲地道的英语.在以下几种情况下发生不完全爆破: 爆破音加爆破音 爆破音加摩擦音 爆破音加破擦音 t, d 在m, n的前面时,t, d受后面音素的影响发生鼻腔爆破. t, d 在l的前面时,t, d受后面音素的影响发生舌侧爆破连贯言语中的语音内容梳理:音的强读和弱读 在句子中不重读的虚词常采取弱读的形式,例如人称代词her 的读音为hE:,在句子中不重读时可读他的弱读形式hE.助动词can 的读音为kAn,在不重读时可读他的弱读形式kEn等等. 在英语中不但用改变原因的方式来弱化一个希德银,还可以用省略音节的方式来弱化,例如 I am ai Am 可以弱化成Im aim, he is hi iz可以弱化成hes hiz, I have ai hAv可以弱化成Ive aiv等等. 一般说来,虚词在句子中不重读时采取弱读的形式,重读时则采取强读的形式,但是这并不是绝对的.有时一个不重读的虚词在句子中并不重读,但是为了要使这个此发得清楚起见也可以采取强度的形式.意群和停顿人的思想不是以孤立的单词形式,而是以词组形式组织和表达的.在讲话时,人们往往在一个意群后面,而不是在每个单词后面停顿.停顿是英语学习中必须重视的一种英语语流现象,却往往被忽视.有一个试验可以检测学生掌握停顿的水平:要求学生和原版录音同步朗读.试验结果表明学生的语速比录音中的慢,而停顿却比录音中的短,这充分说明学生没有掌握好英语的弱读形式,没有养成正确的英语停顿习惯.语流中意群的划分有下面两个主要因素决定: 语速.语速快,意群可长些; 语速慢,意群可短些. 句子语法结构的长度.短句可有一个独立的意群.长句要划分成两个或两个以上的意群.连读 人们在流利交谈中, 音素之间必然会产生连读现象.连读是快速语流的自然结果,也可以使语流更流畅,表达更得体.连读主要发生在一个词组内,有下列三大类: 词末辅音和词首元音连读.例如:put it on, take it off 词末元音和词首元音连读.例如:go on, how old 词末不发音的r和紧接其后的词的词首元音连读,r必须发音.例如:far away, for ever单词重音英语单词中重读的音节接受单词重音,重音符号标在重读音节的左上方.单音节词都有重音符号,但是其重音符号不必标出;双音节或多音节词可以有一个或一个以上的重读音节,其重读音节因词而异,很不规则.因此,学习英语生词时,为了掌握正确的重读音节及读音,必须查词典,以便正确朗读,否则,重读音节错了,会引起误解或令人费解.英语单词重音很不规则,但是可以遵循下面一些规则: 双音节词作为名词,重音在第一个音节,作为动词重音在第二个音节.例如:progress n. progress v. 复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节上.例如:blackboard handbag 有些复合词有双重音.例如:kindhearted four-footed 少数复合词重音在第二个音节.例如:whatever throughout 句子重音 英语单句中实义词,即实词,如名词,形容词,副词,实义动词,数词,疑问词和感叹词等一般都重读,其重读音节必须长而响亮,这称为句子重音. 虚词,即功能词,如冠词,连词,介词,助动词,情态动词等在句中一般不重读.节奏 一个重读音节和不等数的非重读音节一起构成一个节奏群.节奏训练的有效方法是打拍子.通俗地说, 一个节奏群等于一拍. 节奏对中国学生来说有一定难度,因为汉语中每一个字必须十分清晰.受汉语影响,中国学生习惯强读式,往往掌握不好弱读式,节奏感就差.要掌握好英语节奏,首先要掌握句子重音和英语的弱读式,进行大量节奏操练,养成正确的英语节奏习惯. 一般地说,英语实词如名词,形容词,副词和实义动词等在句中接受句子重音.但是实际上,这些词经常受节奏的影响而失去句子重音,往往是节奏的规律调节句子重音,而不是全部由语法规则来决定句子重音.语调内容梳理语调的基本概念人们交谈时,上瘾的生活讲,音调的高或低,构成语调.每一种语言有其独特的语调.语调可以表达词汇无法发表达的微妙和情感.在与外部世界进行交际的过程中,得体的语调可以促进相互理解,增进交谊和加强合作;而错误的语调则会引起误解,伤害对方,在外交或商务场合中,甚至可能导致谈判破裂.英语语调中最常用,最重要的三个调是:降调,升调和降升调.2.降调.降调的基本意义是肯定,完整,独立,即讲话人对所讲的内容肯定无疑,所表达的意思是完整的,语法结构是独立的.降调的基本用法列举下面十类: 直截了当的陈述句,因为说话人对他所说的内容肯定无疑.例如:They are working very hard. 特殊疑问句一般用降调.例如:What are you reading 强命令用降调,因为听着没有选择的余地,必须服从.例如:turn right! 选择文句用降调.例如:Would you care for a cup of tea or coffee 从句前面的主句用降调.例如:I picked up the receiver and was overjoyed when I recognized the voice of Marion. 非限制性定语从句的先行词用降调.例如:The woman handed an expensive mink coat to the assistant, who wrapped it p for her s quickly as possible. 非限制性同位语前的先行词用降调.例如:We have just seen Dr. Ning, our new dean. 表示痛苦,恐惧,愤怒,惊讶等强烈情感的感叹词用降调.例如:My goodness! 一般疑问句通常用升调,但是,若有言下之意的一般疑问句用降调.例如:Are you satisfied 言下之意是你应该满足了. 修辞性疑问句是表示较强意思的陈述,不需要回答,用降调.例如:Is that a reason for despair 言下之意是 Thats not a reason for despair.升调升调的基本意义是不肯定,不完整,不独立,即讲话人所谈内容不很肯定,所表达的意思往往是不完整的,语法结构通常不独立,因此升调主要用于短语后面,也常常用于句中不完整的部分后面.升调的基本用法列举一下九类: 一般疑问句用升调,表示讲话人提出疑问.例如:Have you been staying here long 反意问句用升调,表示讲话人对事实不肯定.例如:We can come here another time, cant we 选择文句的第一部分用升调,给听着一个选择的余地.例如:Will you go to the United States or Britain 句首状语用升调,因为其语法结构不独立,疑似不完整.例如:If there are no evening engagements, she will go to her study after dinner. 列举时,被列举的事或人用升调,升调表示意思不完整,句末用降调.例如:There are seven days in a week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. 祈使句表示请求时用升调.例如:Come and see me again. 陈述句加个问号用升调, 表示听者想确认对方所讲的内容.例如:(Mary and Jane got there safely.) They got there safely 陈述句用升调时,讲话者有言下之意没有表达,留给听者去思考.例如:Ill leave home. You cant do that. 问候或警告时常用升调.例如:Mind your head.降升调降升调是降调和升调功能的结合.讲话人对所说内容比较肯定, 用降调, 但是忽又改变主意,保留了一部分意思,语调转为升调,所以,降升调往往包含言下之意,让听者去思考.降升调是中国学生不太熟悉的一个语调,了解了降升调的基本含意, 可以更有效地进行思想交流Halloween October 31On October 31st, dozens of children dressed in costumes（节日服装）knock on their neighbors doors and yell Trick or Treat when the door opens. Pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or other goodies that the neighbors drop in. As they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks.Since the 800s November 1st is a religious holiday known as All Saints Day（万圣节）. The Mass that was said on this day was called Allhallowmas. The evening before became known as All Hakkiw een, or Halloween. Like some other American celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs.October 31 st was the eve of the Celtic（凯尔特人的）new year. The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and Scottish people. On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the Celts thought. The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead. Hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year.Much later, when Christianity spread throughout Ireland and October 31 was no longer the last day of the year, Halloween became a celebration mostly for children. Ghosts went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house. When millions of Irish people immigrated to the United States in the 1840s the tradition came with them.Today school dances and neighborhood parties called block parties are popular among young and old alike. More and more adults celebrate Halloween. They dress up like historical or political figures and go to masquerade parties（化妆舞会）. In larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early in the evening. Stores and businesses give parties with games and treats for the children.Teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better!Certain pranks（恶作剧）such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected. But partying and pranks are not the only things that Halloweeners enjoy doing. Some collect money to buy food and medicine for needy children around the world.Symbols of HalloweenHalloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits. Witches flying on broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins（小精灵）and skeletons have all evolved as symbols of Halloween. They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows. Black is one of the traditional Halloween colors, probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night. In the weeks before October 31, Americans decorate windows of houses and schools with silhouettes（轮廓）of witches and black cats.Pumpkins are also a symbol of Halloween. The pumpkin is an orange-colored squash, and orange has become the other traditional Halloween color. Carving pumpkins into jack- olanterns is a Halloween custom also dating back to Ireland. A legend grew up about a man named Jack who was so stingy（吝啬的）that he was not allowed into heaven when he died, because he was a miser（吝啬鬼）. He couldnt enter hell either because he had played jokes on the devil. As a result, Jack had to walk the earth with his lantern until Judgement Day（审判日）. The Irish people carved scary faces out of turnips（芜菁根）, beets（甜菜根）or potatoes representing Jack of the Lantern, or Jack-olantern. When the Irish brought their customs to the United States, they carved faces on pumpkins because in the autumn they were more plentiful than turnips. Today jack-o-lanterns in the windows of a house on Halloween night let costumed children know that there are goodies（糖果）waiting if they knock and say Trick or Treat!Halloween TreatsDried Pumpkin SeedsAfter carving your pumpkin, separate the pulp from the seeds. Rinse（冲洗）the seeds and spread them out to dry. The next day, add enough melted butter or margarine（人造黄油）to coat each seed. Spread the seeds onto a cookie sheet（甜酥饼干）and bake for 20 minutes in a 300 degree oven for 20 minutes or until they are slightly brown.Caramel ApplesTake the paper wrapping off about 100 caramels（饴糖）and put them in a saucepan（炖锅）. Put the saucepan over a pan of boiling water