江苏高考英语专题一语法知识第11讲名词与冠词优选习题.docx

第11讲名词与冠词1Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018江苏，32)Aassignment BassociationCacquisition Dassumption答案D解析句意为：努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D项assumption意为“假设”，符合语境。youve made是定语从句，修饰assumption，make an assumption意为“做出假设”。assignment任务，作业；association联系；acquisition获得，得到。2The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津，6)Aadvice BorderCpossibility Dinvitation答案C解析句意为：在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命，这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility意为“可能性”，符合语境，故选C。advice建议；order命令，秩序；invitation邀请，请柬。3Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016江苏，24)Arecipe BrecordCrange Dreceipt答案A解析句意为：您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗？确切地说，是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知，此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe秘诀，诀窍，符合句意。record记录；range范围；receipt收据，均不符合题意。4Some schools will have to make in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江苏，32)Ajudgments BadjustmentsCcomments Dachievements答案B解析句意为：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将不得不做出调整。judgment判断；adjustment调整，适应；comment评论；achievement成果，成就。故选B项。5Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my .(2015江苏，35)Arequests BexcusesCapologies Dregrets答案C解析句意为：去向你妈妈道歉，戴夫。我想去，但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request要求，请求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret懊悔，遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选C项。6 prize for the winner of the competition is two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江，2)AThe；/ BA；/CA；the DThe；a答案D解析句意为：这次比赛给获胜者的奖励是在巴黎度假两周。第一个空格表示对比赛获胜者的奖励，是特指，故用the；第二个空格泛指一次为期两周的假期，用不定冠词a。故选D项。7Being able to afford drink would be comfort in those tough times.Athe；the Ba；aCa；/ D/；a答案B解析句意为：在那些艰苦的岁月里，能买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人安慰的事。本题容易误选C项，认为comfort “安慰”是不可数名词，其实此处为抽象名词的具体化，a comfort令人感到安慰的一个人或一件事；a drink一杯饮料。故B项正确。诊断报告考向对应题号我的薄弱环节1名词词义辨析1,2,3,52名词构成的固定搭配43抽象名词具体化74不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查6解题方法(一)三方法解决名词辨析题1利用固定搭配和习惯表达2利用句子的平衡、对比等结构3充分把握具体的语境(二)三方法辨别冠词方法1语境暗示法在解答冠词试题时，要注意下面的原则：一是根据句子的意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指)，其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这样就能够根据句子的意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。2准确翻译法冠词a/an表示“一个，一种，某一个”，一般泛指任意一个；而the表示“这个，那个”，是特指。所以在大多数情况下，如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来，就能够正确地解答该题。3固定短语搭配法掌握冠词的习惯用法，冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很重要的。考点1名词词义辨析1There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some and then let me know.(2015安徽，30)Athought BsupportCprotection Dauthority答案A解析句意为：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。多思考一下，再让我知道。 thought思想，思考，符合句意。support支持，维持，支援，供养；protection保护，防卫；authority权威，权力，当局。2One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江，15)Aproduction BstressCenergy Dpower答案B解析句意为：减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。stress压力，紧张，符合语境。production生产，制作，产品；energy精力，活力，干劲；power权力，势力，影响力。3The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016天津，10)Aeffect BsenseCchange Dchance答案D解析句意为：天气预报说今天多云，后半夜可能有雨。chance可能性，符合语境。effect结果，效应；sense感觉，理解力；change变化，改变。4The failure was a big to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建，24)Ablow Bissue Cexcuse Dfactor答案A解析句意为：这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击，但是他没有气馁，很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow打击，痛击，符合语境。issue问题；excuse借口；factor因素。5Could you tell me the of making such tasty cakes?Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建，26)Afeature BplanCcost Dtrick答案D 解析句意为：你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗？哦，我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature特征，特点；plan计划；cost费用；trick技巧。考点归纳(一)名词的词义辨析名词的词义辨析是高考的热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式：1“同缀”词的词义辨析，即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的有：expression(表情) attention(注意)satisfaction(满意) impression(印象)accommodation(住宿) occupation(职业)adaptation(适应，改编) appreciation(欣赏)equipment(设备) arrangement(安排)assessment(评估，估算) entertainment(娱乐)consequence(后果) independence(独立)competence(能力，权限) intelligence(智力)2“形近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的形近词有：command(命令) comparison(比较)compliment(赞美) contribution(贡献)commitment(承诺，保证) competition(竞争)accommodation(住宿) accompany(陪伴)(二)名词的一词多义与熟词新义名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药，他们的头疼会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。考点2名词构成的固定搭配When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his and had a bad fall.(2015湖北，21)Abalance BchanceCmemory Dplace答案A解析句意为：当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall可知，这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡，lose ones balance意为“失去平衡”。chance机会；memory记忆；place地方。考点3抽象名词具体化Its good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.A/；a Ba；/Cthe；a Da；the答案B解析句意为：对人们来说，欣赏能带给他们乐趣的世博会感觉非常棒。feeling为可数名词，pleasure表示“快乐，乐趣”，为不可数名词，在这表示泛指，故B项正确。考点归纳抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下四类：1. 表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词有：抽象名词抽象名词具体化comfort安慰；慰藉a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事或一个令人感到安慰的人pity惋惜，同情a pity一件憾事success 成功a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事 failure 失败a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事surprise 惊奇a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事difficulty 困难a difficulty 一件难事I think this sports meeting was a huge success.我认为这次运动会是一个巨大的成功。2表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常用“a/an抽象名词”或“a/an形容词抽象名词”。常用短语、句型如下：have a wonderful supper；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an income of；receive a good education；receive a warm welcome；cover an area of；reach a height ofIts a waste of time/money.Its a great help to me.Its a pity that.3表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词(have，take，make，give)等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology；take/have a great interest；go out for a walk4接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream考点4不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查1I just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.(2015重庆，3)Athe；/ Ba；/Cthe；a Da；the答案C解析句意为：我刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指，表示“多拉工作的那家银行”；第二空为泛指，表示“一名”。2There are over 58,000 rocky objects in space，about 900 of which could fall down onto earth.Athe；the B/；theCthe；/ Da；the答案B解析句意为：太空中有超过58 000的岩状物体，其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短语，不用冠词，类似用法还有in nature，in society等；第二空后的名词earth属于独一无二的事物，其前必须用定冠词。考点归纳(一)不定冠词a/an的用法1单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。2表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。3用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。4不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。5表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.“中国梦”是一个提升人民幸福感的梦，也是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。(2)He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。(二)定冠词the的用法1用在名词前表示特指。2用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。3用在序数词和最高级前。4用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。5用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the week等，但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词，如by weight，by height等。6the形容词/分词表示一类人。7用在年代、朝代名词前及逢十数词前。8用在姓氏复数前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.据说在十三世纪马可波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。(2)Its said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 a year.Right，he will also get paid by the week.据说约翰将拥有一份年薪超过60 000美元的工作。是的，而且会按周获得报酬。(三)零冠词1不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。2称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。3月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。4as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果作表语的名词置于句首，名词前不用冠词。5no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。6纯不可数名词，不能与不定冠词连用。高考中常见的词有：baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(消息)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth(财富)，independence等。(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。(2)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。(3)Clever boy as he is，he cant solve such a difficult problem.尽管他是个聪明的孩子，但他无法解决这么难的问题。1Due to the of this medical technology，some diseases can be treated at the early stage.(2018泰州中学高三上期中，22)Aappreciation BapplicationCappointment Dapproach答案B解析句意为：由于这种医疗技术的应用，一些疾病可以在早期得到治疗。appreciation感谢，欣赏；application应用，申请；appointment约会；approach方法，接近。2Sinclairs next computer，the ZX81，was an even bigger hit，and his companys grew by 600% over the previous year.(2018如东中学高三上期中，31)Aallowance BreceiptsCfinance Dsalary答案B解析句意为：辛克莱的下一台电脑the ZX81更加热销，他公司的收入比前一年增加了600%。allowance 津贴；receipts收款，收入；finance金融；salary薪水。根据句意可知答案为B。3What do you think we should do after dinner?Why dont we get beer at the Karaoke bar down the street? It is kind of fun to hear all the bands singing.Aa；/ Ba；aCthe；a Da；the答案A解析句意为：你认为我们晚饭后应该做什么？为什么不到街上的卡拉OK喝杯啤酒呢？听所有的乐队唱歌是一种乐趣。口语中表示“一杯啤酒”的时候前面用定冠词a；fun是不可数名词，不加冠词。故选A。4Id like to thank you for the great of being addressing this assembly，sharing my opinion of living a low-carbon life.(2018泰州中学高三上期中，25)Aprivilege BprincipleCpossibility Dpresentation答案A解析句意为：我很荣幸地感谢您给我在这次大会上发言的机会，能够发表有关于我如何践行低碳生活的观点。privilege荣幸；principle原则；possibility可能性；presentation呈现。根据语境判断这是一种荣幸。故选A。5Every great accomplishment rests on the of what came before it；when you trace it back，youll see one small step that started it all.(2018苏锡常镇一调，21)Areputation BexpectationCrecreation Dfoundation答案D解析reputation名声；expectation期望；recreation娱乐；foundation基础。根据句意可知，此处表达的是“每一项伟大的成就都依赖于之前所有的根基”。故选D。6The leaders of the BRICS countries Friday reached important on building an open world economy and improving global economic governance(管理) during their informal meeting on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Hamburg，Germany.Aconsideration BconsensusCcommitment Dconfirmation答案B解析句意为：“金砖四国”领导者周五在德国汉堡20国领导人峰会非正式会议上达成重要共识，要建立一个开放的世界经济并且要提升全球经济管理。consideration考虑；consensus一致，舆论，合意；commitment承诺，保证，承担义务，献身；confirmation确认。根据语境得知是“达成共识”。故选B。7For the final of our journey，we decided to take the coach.(2017南京三模，22)Aleg BroundCdistance Dpath答案A解析句意为：对于我们旅行的最后一段路程，我们决定乘坐长途客车。leg腿，一段路程，the final leg最后一段路程，符合语境。round轮，局，场；distance距离；path小路，都不符合语境。故选A项。8Many people tend to assume that just means creating something new，but actually its more than thatits an attitude of doing things.(2017南京、盐城一模，21)Aimitation BimaginationCinnovation Dinspiration答案C解析句意为：很多人往往认为创新仅仅意味着创造新的东西，但事实上创新不止于此创新是一种做事的态度。innovation革新，创新，符合句意。imitation模仿，仿效；imagination想象，想象力；inspiration激励，鼓励，灵感，启发。9Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens book for many years，but one thing or another always got in way.Aa；/ Bthe；the C/；the Da；the答案D解析考查冠词。句意为：简的奶奶多年来一直想写一本儿童书籍，但总有这样那样的事情阻碍她不能实现。第一空表泛指，故用不定冠词a；第二空为固定表达in the way妨碍，阻碍。10The important thing in life is to have a great aim，and the to achieve it.(2017苏锡常镇四市二模，21)Aacquisition BcomprehensionCdetermination Dsatisfaction 答案C解析句意为：人生重要的事情是有一个伟大的目标，并有实现它的决心。determination决心，符合题意。acquisition获得，获得物；comprehension理解，理解力；satisfaction满意。故选C项。专题强化练(十一).单项填空1Excuse me.Id like to know more details on how the course is arranged.Well，the course is made up of 36 two-hour ，which will mainly be given in the evenings or on weekends.(2018江苏高考压轴，25)Asessions BcurriculaCterms Dcriteria答案A解析句意为：打扰一下，我想了解更多这个课程的安排。好的，这个课程是由36个时长两小时的课时组成的，主要在晚上或周末上课。session学期，(进行某活动连续的)一段时间；curricula为curriculum的复数形式，意为“课程”；term学期；criteria为criterion的复数形式，意为“标准”。根据语境可知选A。2As more and more companies extend their global ，it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.(2018南京三模，29)Aconcern BappealCreach Dconsensus答案C解析根据句意“越来越多的公司在拓展他们的国际影响力”，reach作名词和动词表“影响”较常考查到，平时注意积累复习即可。3Would you mind giving some advice on how to improve our study?If you make most of the time，there will be rise in your study efficiency.A/；/ Bthe；aC/；a Dthe；/答案B解析句意为：您介意给我们一些如何改善我们学习的建议吗？如果你们充分利用时间，你们的学习效率就会提升。第一个空考查了短语“充分利用”make the most of；第二个空泛指一个提升，用不定冠词。故选B。4In the Name of People，a popular TV drama，shows a deep on the fight against corruption.Aargument BthemeCreflection Dimpression答案C解析句意为：深受欢迎的电视剧人民的名义深刻地反映了反腐的情况。argument争论；theme主题；reflection反映；impression印象。根据句意可知，选C。5Its said that a clean is a soft pillow，with which we can have sweet dreams.(2018扬州高三上期末，32)Aconscience BcriterionCconsciousness Dcommitment答案A解析句意为：据说问心无愧是一个柔软的枕头，用它我们可以做好梦。conscience良心；criterion标准，尺度；consciousness意识，知觉；commitment承诺，保证。故选A。6The quiet life of the country has never had to me in that I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window.(2017苏锡常镇四市一模，21)Aappeal BappetiteCaffection Dapplication 答案A解析句意为：宁静的乡村生活对于我来说从来都没有吸引力，因为我一直认为乡村只是人们透过火车窗户看的风景而已。appeal吸引力，魅力；appetite胃口，欲望；affection喜爱，钟爱；application申请，运用。根据句意知选A项。7Mr Smith has many including gardening and wine-making.Adimensions BfoundationsCaffairs Doccupations答案D解析句意为：史密斯先生有许多消遣活动，包括园艺和制酒。dimension方面；foundation基础；affair事务；occupation职业，消遣，业余活动。根据语境，故选D。8Is it common practice that salesmen receive a of 10 percent on all sales made？(2017南京、盐城二模，23)Adeposit BreceiptCpension Dcommission答案D解析句意为：推销人员得到所有销售额百分之十的佣金是惯例吗？deposit储蓄，存款；receipt收条，收据；pension退休金，养老金；commission佣金。故选D项。9Raising retirement age step by step is in line with Chinas labor market realities and should be prioritized.Athe；/ B/；theC/；/ Dthe；the答案A解析句意为：逐步提高退休年龄符合中国劳动力市场的现实，应优先考虑。第一空填定冠词the在此特指退休年龄，而不是其他年龄；第二处in line with“与一致”为固定短语。故答案为A。10In Beijing opera，performers are required to paint their faces in patterns and colors to help show the and depths of the characters personalities.(2017苏州调研，32)Adimensions BcertificatesCoccupations Dconsciences答案A解析句意为：在京剧里，演员们需要在脸上画多种脸谱并着色，以助于展示人物个性的广度和深度。dimension方面，维度，范围，程度，符合句意。certificate证书，证明；occupation占据，占有，职业，工作；conscience良知，是非感。11Many people choose to buy new apartments near schools and supermarkets for they want to have the of living and studying.Aprivilege BrequirementCconvenience Dachievement答案C解析句意为：许多人选择在学校和超市附近买新房，因为他们想要拥有学习和生活上的便利。根据句意可知，convenience方便，便利，符合语境。privilege特权，特殊待遇；requirement要求；achievement成就，成绩。12Everyone thinks that the governments that all the citizens should value our countrys traditional culture is very reasonable.Aappeal BpromiseCcommand Dresponsibility答案A解析句意为：大家都认为政府呼吁所有公民应该重视我国的传统文化是非常合理的。根据句意可知，appeal呼吁，吁请，符合语境。此外，设空后的that在句中引导的是同位语从句，解释说明appeal的具体内容。promise承诺，许诺；command命令；responsibility责任。13I will keep you informed of my so that you can know how I am going along.Apredictions BambitionsCupdates Dconcerns答案C解析句意为：我会不断给你提供我的最新消息以便于你可以了解我的近况。根据句意可知，update最新消息，符合语境。prediction预测，预言；ambition夙愿，理想；concern担忧。14Yunnan is one of the origin centres of tea plants and has a wide of wild tea plants.Aallocation BcirculationCevaluation Ddistribution答案D解析句意为：云南是茶树的起源中心地之一，那里野生茶树(资源)分布广泛。根据句意可知，distribution分配，分布，符合语境。allocation配给，分配；circulation流通，循环；evaluation评价，评估。15I cant tell you way to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village.Athe；a Ba；/Ca；the Dthe；/答案A解析考查冠词。去威尔逊家的道路是特定的，故选择定冠词；本村没有叫威尔逊的人，叫威尔逊的人有很多，不具有唯一性，故选择不定冠词。A项正确。.完形填空When twelve-year-old John Wilson walked into his chemistry class on a rainy day in late October 1931，he had no way of knowing that his life was about to change completely.The class 16 that day was to show how 17 a container of water would bring oxygen bubbles to the surface.The container the teacher gave Wilson to heat， 18 ，was not like the containers students everywhere had used.A laboratory assistant had been 19 and put the wrong label on the bottle.And 20 John heated it with a Bunsen burner，the container 21 ，sending the liquid flying in all directions.John Wilson came away from it，completely 22 .Wilson spent the next two months in hospital.After he returned home，his parents 23 a hard time to find a way to deal with the 24 that had befallen(发生) their lives.But Wilson did not 25 the accident as disastrous.He knew he had the rest of his life to live.He learned braille quickly and continued his 26 at the esteemed Worcester College for the disabled.There，he not only 27 as a student but also became an accomplished rower，swimmer，actor，musician，and orator.Many people，faced with the 28 Sir John Wilson encountered，would have 29 of their experience.Perhaps they would have considered themselves to be 30 by ill fortune and frustrated in their 31 to do anything significant with their lives.Wilson，however，lost his sight and found a 32 .Through his practical action and life attitude，he proved to us 33 that its not what happens to us that 34 our livesits what we make 35 what happens.语篇解读本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。因为实验室助理的失误，十二岁的约翰威尔逊在做实验的时候因发生意外而失明了，但是他并没有抱怨命运的不公抑或就此消沉下去，而是以积极的心态和行动来面对自己的每一天。16A.experiment BdiscussionCanalysis Dmanagement答案A解析根据上文中的“his chemistry class”和下文中的“show how a container of water would bring oxygen bubbles to the surface”“A laboratory assistant”可知，那天的课堂实验是展示如何给盛水的器皿加热使水中的氧气气泡被带到水的表面，故experiment“实验”，符